MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding molecules of ribonucleic acid. They are about 22 nucleotides in length, single-stranded, and mediate post-translational regulation by the repression or degradation of messenger RNA(mRNA). miRNA play a key part in the proliferation, differentiation and death of cells. Viral infection is one of the most common causes of human disease. Some studies have found that miRNA has a very close relationship with viral infection, which has an effect on viral replication, the immune response and antiviral immunity. Use of miRNA may become the cornerstone of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infection. This article summarizes the progress of research into miRNA and viral infection.
Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication ; Viruses ; genetics

Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children and animals worldwide. VP4 is responsible for interaction with the host and viral attachment. Recent study showed that the distal portion of rotavirus (RV) VP4 spike protein (VP8*) is implicated in binding to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which is new cellular receptors on rotavirus, Published in Nature and Journal of Virology in 2012. The paper describes advances in correlation between rotaivrus and HBGAs, summarizes the main achievements has gotten, Clarify the significance of study on Rotaivrus and HBGAs.
Animals ; Blood Group Antigens ; genetics ; immunology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Rotavirus ; immunology ; physiology ; Rotavirus Infections ; blood

Objective To evaluate the parameters of inner diameter different rate (D%), mean wave intensity(MWl) and diameter-adjusted mean wave intension(DAMWI) in assessing the function of common carotid artery(CCA) by quality intima-media thickness(QIMT) technique. Methods Twenty-four healthy subjects were performed 2D and CDFI examination under the normal quiescent and cold pressor test(CPT) condition respectively. The diastolic and systolic diameters of left-CCA were measured by QIMT respectively. Corresponding the inner diameter different range,rate,MWI and DAMWI were calculated respectively. The curves of their ROC were drawn. Results The different range and rate of diameters were decreased when subjects suffered CPT (P< 0.05) ,but the MWI and DAMWI were increased (P<0. 05). The areas under the ROC curves were 0. 827,0. 821 and 0.728 corresponding DAMWI, MWl and different rate of diameter. There was no significant difference among them(P>0. 05). Conclusions Conclusions The changed rate of diameter can be measured exactly by QIMT. The function of CCA can Be evaluated by MW1 and DAMWI which were calculated by conventional parameters.

Objective Radius of curvature (RC) and velocity vector imaging (VVI) were joined to evaluate the deformation and motion of interventricular septum(IVS). Methods VVI was performed in fifteen healthy volunteers and obtained dynamic images at chordae tendineae of mitral valve in short axis view. The images were stored and analyzed to obtain circumferential peak stain of IVS. In the same short axis view, the static images were captured at end-systole and end-diastole respectively before they were analyzed by self-made software. The length of arc and RC were measured automatically by the software, so the shortening rates of them could were calculated. Results The length of arc and RC were longer at end-diastole than those at end-systole(P<0.0001). The shortening rate of length of arc was compared with circumferential peak stain of IVS (P=0.123) and they were correlation (r = 0. 840, P = 0. 0001 ). Blant-Altman analysis indicated that the concordance was well. Conclusions The length of arc and RC can evaluate the deformation and motion of IVS.

Objective To evaluate the effect of normal respiration on motion and disfiguration of interventricular septum (IVS) by observing the change of interventricular septum radius of curvature (IVSRC). Methods The 2D short-axis images at chordae tendineae of mitral valve were recorded during inspiration and expiration respectively by Acuson Sequoia 512 in 21 normal subjects. Speed of blood flow of each valve, electrocardiogram and respiratory tracing were recorded simultaneously. Two doctors who were double-blind measured the IVSRC using self-designed software. Results During normal inspiration, the peak E velocity of mitral valve and the flow velocity of aortic valve decreased,while the peak E velocity of tricuspid valve and the flow velocity of pulmonary valve increased. The IVSRC curvatures were (25.914± 6.082)mm during inspiration, and (22.296±4.398)mm during expiration, there was difference in two respiration phases(P <0.0001). Conclusions IVSRC can be used to evaluate motion and disfiguration of IVS. It has a good repeatability and is an effective way to observe the change of pleural pressure which is produced by respiration.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of mean wave intensity (MWI), W1 and W2 in assessing the function of common carotid artery (CCA) before and after cold presser test with wave intensity analysis. Methods Twenty-four healthy subjects were enrolled. The W1, W2, and other parameters of blood flow in resting, before and after cold presser test of CCA, the inner diameter different rate and MWI of blood flow were calculated respectively. The receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn, and of the effectiveness of MWI, W1 and W2 was compared. Results The different rate of diameters and W1 decreased significantly when subjects underwent cold presser test (P＜0.05), but MWI and W2 increased significantly (P＜0.05). The area under ROC curves was 0.858, 0.731 and 0.698, corresponding to MWI, W1 and W2 (P＞0.05). Conclusion The function of CCA can be evaluated with MWI calculated from conventional parameters.

Interactions between noroviruses (NoVs) and the receptors of histo-blood group antigens (HB-GAs) affect the infectivity and host susceptibility of NoVs. We elucidated the binding profile of a GII. 12 NoV to HBGAs. First, we synthesized the P domain sequence of the GII. 12 NoV strain Pune (GenBank accession number EU921353). Protein of the P domain was expressed in a prokaryotic system. Formation of the P particle was monitored by gel-filtration chromatography. Antiserum was prepared by immunization of mice with GII. 12 P particles. The binding profile of the GII. 12 NoV Pune strain was determined by binding of the P particle with a panel of saliva samples with various known HBGAs phenotypes. The GII. 12 NoV was bound strongly to saliva samples of subjects with B and AB types and weakly to A, O secretor, and non-secretor saliva samples, suggesting higher affinity with B antigen by GII. 12 NoV. These results were consistent with those determined by a previous crystallography study of GII. 12 NoV. These data suggested that individuals with B and AB blood types may be more susceptible to infection by GII. 12 NoV compared with those with other blood types. Our findings may provide a basis for the prevention and control of an epidemic of GII. 12 NoV.
Animals ; Blood Group Antigens ; metabolism ; Caliciviridae Infections ; metabolism ; virology ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; metabolism ; virology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Norovirus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Virus ; metabolism ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

We studied the epidemiological characteristics of human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4) in children with a- cute gastroenteritis in Lanzhou (China). A total of 331 stool specimens were collected from children aged < 5 years with acute diarrhea at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University between July 2012 and June 2013. Specimens of HBoV were identified by nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Compared with related sequences in GenBank, the HBoV-positive strain isolated in the present study was,quite surprisingly, a rare genotype named HBoV4. This strain was a typical HBoV4,with high levels of nucleotide and amino acid homology to the Thailand strain, JQ267789 (98.9% and 98.7%, respectively), and the USA strain, GQ506568 (97.6% and 97.4%, respectively). This is the first report of HBoV4 as the causative agent for acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients in China. This strain is one of two genotypes of HBoV that are currently circulating.
Child, Preschool ; China ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; virology ; Human bocavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Parvoviridae Infections ; virology ; Phylogeny

Objective To explore the cell frequency , phenotypes and in vitro cytotoxic effects of circulating CD56+T cells in the patients with chronic HCV infection .Methods Peripheral blood mononu-clear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 33 patients with HCV chronic infection and 21 healthy subjects. Multi-color flow cytometry was used to analyze cell frequency , expressions of activating receptors ( NKG2C, CD16 and NKp46) and inhibitory receptors (NKG2A and CD158a) on CD56+T cells.The functional mark-er for cytotoxic effects (CD107a) on circulating CD56+T cells and their cytokines expression (IFN-γand TNF-α) with or without stimulation of K 562 human Leukemia cell line were also analyzed .Then the correla-tions among the expressing levels of CD 107 a, IFN-γand TNF-αwere investigated .Results The frequency of CD56+T cells in periphery lymphocytes were significantly decreased in the patients with chronic HCV in -fection as compared with that in healthy controls ( P=0.018 ).The expressions of activating receptors (NKG2C, CD16 and NKp46) on CD56+T cells from HCV infected patients were decreased (P=0.015 for NKG2C, P=0.036 for CD16 and P=0.001 for NKp46), while there was no significant change in the ex-pressions of inhibitory receptors (P>0.05 for both CD158a and NKG2A).The concentrations of IFN-γand TNF-αsecreted by CD56+T cells in the patients with chronic HCV infection were significantly decreased with or without K562 stimulation (P<0.0001).However, in the presence of K562 cells CD107a expression on CD56+T cells were sharply decreased in the patients (P<0.0001).In absence of K562 cells, there was no significant change in CD107a expression on CD56+T cells from patients and healthy controls (P>0.05). The expressions of CD107a, IFN-γand TNF-αwere closely related under the stimulation of K562(r>0.80, P<0.0001).Conclusion The frequency of CD56+T cells was reduced in patients with chronic HCV infec-tion.Moreover, cytotoxic effects and cytokines production mediated by CD 56+T cells were also significantly impaired, indicating that the dysfunction of circulating CD 56+T cells might be associated with the persist-ence of chronic HCV infection .

Objective:To study the effect of alum on immune response in mice induced by HBoV1 VP2 VLPs.Methods:BABL/c mice were randomly divided into VLPs experimental group, alum adjuvant experimental group, PBS control group and alum adjuvant control group,the experimental group mice were intramuscular immunization with HBoV1 VP2 VLPs and HBoV1 VP2 VLPs added alum,control group mice were immunization with alum or PBS buffer,then to study the effect of alum on immune response in mice induced by HBoV1 VP2 VLPs by cellular and humoral immune strength.Results: Alum adjuvant decreased cellular immune response induced by HBoV1 VP2 VLPs(P<0.001),enhance the HBoV1 VP2 VLPs immuned serum IgG titer(P<0.05)and IgG activity(P<0.01).Conclusion:Alum adjuvant can enhance humoral immune response induced by HBoV1 VP2 VLPs,but weaken cellular immune response induced by HBoV1 VP2 VLPs,when HBoV1 VP2 VLPs used as a prophylactic vaccine it should add alum adjuvant,when used as a therapeutic vaccine,it should not add alum adjuvant.