The application of Toric intraocular lens (IOL) provides an opportunity for patients who want to remove cataract and correct astigmatism at the same time.In order to optimize the postoperative result and minimize the residual astigmatism, the accurate preoperative measurement and calculation of Toric IOL are crucial.To improve the accuracy, different astigmatism measurement devices with various advantages have been introduced into clinical practice one after another.Knowing the principle, advantages and disadvantages of the devices contributes to personalized selection of devices according to the patient's condition.Manual keratometer is still the gold standard tool for measuring curvature, and corneal topography is used to assess whether the corneal astigmatism is regular.Most devices can provide reliable corneal data for Toric IOL calculation, and it is recommended that at least three different devices should be used to enhance the prediction accuracy preoperatively.The posterior corneal astigmatism, which has an effect on the measurement and calculation of Toric IOL, has been attracting more attention of ophthalmologists.With high accuracy and strong applicability, Barrett Toric Calculator is preferred in Toric IOL calculation.Moreover, various Toric calculators and formulas can give stable and accurate results after modification and optimization.In this article, the effects of various corneal curvature measurement devices, posterior corneal astigmatism and Toric calculator on Toric IOL measurement and calculation were reviewed.

To explore the hemodynamic characteristics during burn shock stage in dogs immigrated onto high altitude, dogs scalded with 40% TBSA of Ⅲ degree burn (n=8) were randomly divided into a high altitude treatment group (H group) and a flatlands treatment group (F group) . All subjects were infused with lactated Ringefs solution at 1 postburn hour according to the Parkland formula. The changes in hemodynamic parameters, organ water content, pulmonary microvascular permeability, serum activity of PLA2 and CK-MB were determined. The results showed that under simulated high altitude condition sustained hypoxemia and acidosis as well as hypoxic damage of myocardial function were present before scalding, and sustained increase of PAP, PCWP and RVWI, even pulmonary hypertension and lung edema were found at 24 postburn hour in H group. At 48 postburn hour, the organ water content of heart, lung, etc increased more remarkably but urine output decreased more obviously in H group than those in F group. Serum activity of PLA2 and CK-MB increased gradually after burn. It is suggested that tissue edema may easily supervene with infusion according to Parkland formula under plateau condition. Hypoxic damage of organs should be corrected by increase of colloid volume resuscitation and dehydration treatment. Administration of hypertonic solution is able to correct burn shock.

Geographic information system (CIS) was applied to analyse the endemic situation of schistosomiasis and the distribution of snails in Dali City. Hie data of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Dali City from 2002 to 2008 were collected and a CIS database was set up. The endemic situation and the distribution of snails and acute schistosomiasis cases were analyzed by ArcGIS 9. 2 software. The results showed that the schistosomiasis transmission areas included 11 towns, 91 villages, and 401 nature villages. The trend surface analysis suggested that snail distribution in 2008 had a trend to accumulate in the northwest, while the population infection had a trend of gathering to the southeast. All acute schistosomiasis cases distributed in 6 towns, 23 villages, which showed significant aggregation by space-time clustering analysis, and three endemic villages in Xizhou Town in 2002 were identified as the first stratum endemic areas. It is concluded that CIS as database and graphics management tools can describe the epidemic situation intuitively, imaginably and macrosopically.

We investigated health condition and evaluate the viability of Barthel's measuring scale for 1297 elder patients at 17 nursing homes.We nursed all patients by standards and performed a comparison study.The nursing percentages of highest and lowest levels were higher than the previous ones ( P ＜ 0.01 ),while the nursing percentage of normal level was lower than the previous one ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The cooperation between doctors and nurses became optimized through progressive patient care.Ideal nursing standard should be based upon the doctors' judgment and nurses' evaluation.The new standard will be more suitable for patients and easier to control for nurses.

Objective:To prepare the immunoglobulin Y(IgY) against Avain Influenza Virus (H5N1) and to investgate its inhibitory activity to Influenza virus A (FM1).Methods:Iimmunized by Avain Influenza vaccine,IgY against Avain Influenza Virus was purified from the yolk and then the antibody was enriched by the means:caprylate acid-two-step salt precipitation-gel chromatograph.TD0 of IgY and the inhibory effectiveness were showed by nhibiting cytopathic effect (CPE) thst in MDCK infected with Influenza virus A(FM1).Results:IgY against Avain Influenza Virus was obtained.The TD0 value of IgY against Avain Influenza to MDCK cell line was 1.764 mg/ml,while at the dosage as low as 0.082 8 mg/ml the lnfluenza virus A(FM1) was still inhibited in vitro.Connchusion:Caprylate acid-two-step salt precipitation-gel chromatograph can prepare IgY successfully and the inhibitory effectiveness of IgY is good for inhibition of Influenza virus A(FM1).

Objective To analyze the efficacy of early management of eomplications in patients with multi-ple traumas by applying the damage control theory. Method All total of 116 patients admitted to Wuhan Tongji Hospital between Jan 2006 and Jan 2008 were included in this retrospective study and were classified according to treatment method. Overall, 55 cases underwent damage control operations and 61 cases underwent conventional management. The groups of patients were compared in terms of parameters such as length of operation time, time to resuscitate from shock, lethal triad of death (LTD), complications and treatment outcomes after operation. Results The length of operation time was (67.43±19.52) min, resuscitation time from shock was (6.77±3.16) h and LTD was (11.54±4.10) h in the damage control group, and (163.95±55.41) min, (22.51±11.65) h and (34.55±5.63) h, respectively, in the conventional group, with significant differences between the two groups (P< 0.01). The per capita complication and mortality rates were 227.27 % and 3.64 %, respectively, in the dam-age control group and 363.93 % and 9.84%, respectively, in the conventional group (P <0.05). Couclusions Here, we demonstrated that early management of patients with multiple traumas undergoing operations by apply-ing the damage control theory significantly decreased the operation time, and decreased time to resuscitation from shock and LTD. Furthermore, this approach significantly reduced the incidence of comphcations and the mortality rate of patients with severe multiple traumas.

Objective To investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of integrative treatment model and damage control theory in treatment of severe multiple injury. Methods A retrospective study was done on 116 patients with severe multiple injuries who were divided into integrative treatment plus damage control group, integrative treatment group and conventional treatment group. The relationship of correlative factors with mortality rate among three groups was compared before operation, during operation and after operation. Results All the indices in integrative treatment plus damage control group were better than other two groups before operation, during operation and after operation, with lower mortality rate (P<0.05). Conclusions Early use of integrative treatment model and damage control theory can obviously decrease complications, improve prognosis and decrease mortality rate for patients with severe multiple injury.

Objective To compare the RIFLE and AKIN diagnosis criteria for acute kidney injury ( AKI) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Patients undergoing cardiac surgery from January 2004 to June 2007 were retrospectively evaluated. RIFLE and AKIN criteria were employed for the diagnosis and staging of AKI which occurred 7 d after cardiac surgery. The diagnosis sensitivity and precision for prediction of hospital mortality were compared between these two criteria. Results One thousand and fifty-six patients were included in this study. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of AKI after cardiac surgery diagnosed by RIFLE criteria and that diagnosed by AKIN criteria (29.55% vs 31.06%, P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the total hospital mortality and the hospital mortality of each stage of AKI diagnosed by RIFLE criteria and those diagnosed by AKIN criteria ( P > 0. 05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the relative risk of hospital mortality for AKI was similar between patients diagnosed by AKIN criteria and those diagnosed by RIFLE criteria. The area under the ROC curve for hospital mortality was 0. 856 for RIFLE and 0.865 for AKIN in all patients (P<0.001). Conclusion Compared to RIFLE criteria, AKIN criteria do not improve the sensitivity of diagnosis and predictive ability of hospital mortality of AKI after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Shendan Jianyi Capsule (SDJYC) on aldose reductase (AR) activity of the kidney in diabetic rats and the significance of prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy with Chinese natural herbs. METHODS: Diabetic Wistar rats were treated with SDJYC and sorbinil respectively, and the AR activity in kidney, urine protein and the activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase were tested. RESULTS: The AR activity in diabetic rats was decreased obviously after being treated with sorbinil or SDJYC. The activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in diabetic rats decreased obviously at the end of the eighth week, and increased after being treated with sorbinil and SDJYC. There was no difference between two treated groups after the treatment. It demonstrated that the inhibition of AR activity could improve the activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and SDJYC had the same effect. CONCLUSIONS: SDJYC exerts effects by inhibiting the activity of AR.