BACKGROUND: At present, there are some researches on the cognitive identification of Chinese characters at home or abroad, however, most of them are based on the normal and healthy people.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the processing styles of optical information on phonemic code, graphic code and semantic code of Chinese haracters between hearing-disabled and normal people.DESIGN: Retrospective, observational and compared analysis based on the hearing-disabled as research subjects and the normal as the controlled group.SETTING: Department of education in a university.PARTICIPANTS: This study was completed in Xi' an between October 2001 and April 2002. With the mean age of 17 years and half in gender, 20hearing-disabled people, who were in grade 6 to grade 8, were selected from the Second School for the Deaf and Dumb in Xi' an. Inclusion criteria: The hearing loss of people was more than or equal to 92 dB. Exclusion criteria:People with acquired hearing-disabled were excluded. At the beginning of study in primary school, they were accepted oral training and taught Chinese pinyi, but gesture was the main communicated style in their daily life. With the mean age of 15 years and half in gender, 28 normal people, who were in grade 3, were selected from the No. 99 Middle School in Xi'an.METHODS: This study showed with serial opticum. The diagnostic method was compared with the cognitive identification of the three kinds of Chinese characters between the hearing-disabled and the normal respectively.phonemic code, graphic code and semantic code between hearing-disabled characters between hearing-disabled and normal people.RESULTS: The results showed that the function of graphic code in visual processing was strongly correlated with recognition of words of Chinese characters than the phoneme code and semantic code in both the hearing-disabled and hearing children. For hearing-disabled children, the alternative was the direct access that a semantic code was produced directly from a translation of the graphic code, however, the hearing children used the strategies of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules to interpret the meaning of words.CONCLUSION: The analysis of various results showe that no significant differences of mental processing are found between the hearing-disabled and hearing children. Perhaps both the direct access and the grapheme-phoneme conversion will be a comprehensive information processing activated each other.

Purpose of this study is to re-compute and analyze the hospitalization rates of residents in China and explore the methodology of systematic review in health policy research.Methodology:DThanks to a history of 90 years,USMLE has evolved into a mature system of international recognition in the industry.This paper covers the history and changes of USMLE and details its goals construction and implementation,examination question selection model,procedures and principles,selection of criteria and the development trends.

BACKGROUND: In clinic, primary progressive aphasia is a dementia syndrome with the only or prominent characteristic of progressive decline in language function. In advanced stage, deficit of cognitive capability and loss of daily living ability would turn up while memory ability would be relatively preserved. The risk factors of primary progressive aphasia might include poor language ability in childhood and speech center involved by brain trauma.OBJECTIVE: To report the intracerebral image features of 1 case of primary progressive aphasia so as to disclose the general lesion area of the disease , the changes of intracerebral blood volume and metabolism , and connecting fibers among the language domains.DESIGN: Case-report.SETTING: Department of Intervention, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College, Hei Longjiang Province.PARTICIPANTS: 1 case of patient with primary progressive aphasia,male, 56 years old and with senior high school culture, was in business before the onset of disease. He had "progressive decline in language ability for 3 years" as the main complaint and was diagnosed in Department of Neurology of Beijing Tiantan Hospital on March 20th, 2004. 3 years before that time, the patient could not tell the name of daily living appliances while his comprehensive ability was generally normal. 2 years before, he could still be in business. 1 year before, his language disorder was aggravated, auditory and comprehensive abilities gradually decreased and the changes of character turned up while he could take care of himself and had no obvious degeneration in memory ability. Neural systemic examination: systolic pressure was 130 mmHg and diastolic pressure was 80 mmHg, with clear consciousness, poor language expression ability, and nomenclatural disability while no abnormity was inspected in other neural systematic examinations. He was assessed as sensory aphasia with normal memory and intelligence according to aphasia assessment measuring scale made by the First Hospital of Beijing Medical University.METHODS: First, general magnetic resonance examination was taken to fix the lesion area of the patient. Then, functional magnetic resonance was carried out, which mainly included using magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis to determine the metabolic rates of N-acetyl-aspartic acid, choline and creatine in the lesion area and then compare them with those in the contralateral corresponding area; Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging was carried out to detect regional cerebral blood volume, regional cerebral blood flow, average pass time and peak time of the contrast medium; Fibertracking method was used to track corticospinal tract and the amount of connecting fibers between left Broca and Wernicke areas and then compare them with those in the contralateral corresponding area.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection of the metabolic rates of Nacetyl-aspartic acid, choline and creatine in lesion area and the contralateral area; Detection of regional cerebral blood volume, regional cerebral blood flow, average pass time and peak time of the contrast medium in lesion area and the contralateral area; Comparison of the amount of connecting fibers between left cortioospinal tract and left Broca and Wernicke areas.RESULTS: ①The results of general magnetic resonance: there was atrophy in left temporal and frontal lobes, especially significant in temporal pole, which was manifested as widening of cerebral sulcuses and fissures,thinness of cortex, and enlargement of frontal and temporal angles. ② The results of functional magnetic resonance: N-acetyl-aspartic acid, choline and creatine in left temporal lobe and anterior part of frontal lobe decreased more obviously and regional cerebral blood volume and regional cerebral blood flow in these areas decreased,while average pass time and peak time of the contrast medium in these areas slightly increased as compared with those in the conitralateral areas; fraction of anisotropy values and the tracked fasciculus in left corticospinal tract decreased, and the connecting fibers between Broca and Wernicke areas also decreased as compared with those in the contralateral area.CONCLUSION: The lesion area of primary progressive aphasia is mainly located in left temporal and frontal lobes where low perfusion, low metabolic state and decrease of connecting fibers between Broca and Wernicke areas were shown as compared with those in the contralateral area, which might be the pathogenesis of this case of primary progressive aphasia.

BACKGROUND: Old people above 80 years old have a high incidence of dizziness and tumble, which are associated with weakening vestibular function, balance function and optokinetic function.OBJECTIVE:This study was designed to make a quantitative evaluation of vestibular function,balance function and optokinetic function in people over 80 years old.DESIGN:It was a quantitative study on posture function(vestibular and balance function),auditory function(frequency audiometry)and visual function (optokinetic function) in elderly persons.SETTING:Department of Otolaryngology ,General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS:Totally 41 old male inpatients with systemic diseases in Rehabilitation Department of the General Hospital of Chinese PLA, with an age from 80 to 94 were selected from March 1993 to January 1994.Of them,12 had tinnitus,20 had dizziness.During the same period,old cadres including 11 males and 7 females aged from 60 to 79 years with normal findings of physical examinations were selected as controls. No participant in this group suffered from tinnitus, deafness and dizziness. All the participants were voluntary.METHODS: Patients underwent full-scale otolaryngological examinations.Audiometry consisted of battery of tests including frequency audiometry and evoked auditory brainstem responses(ABR). Vestibular function (posture) was assessed by vestibular-ocular reflexes. Participants accelerated from 1 /s to 90 /s. Then, the angular speed was kept until the nystagmus disappeared,at the time a sudden stop was made.Changes in nystagmus during the tests were recorded.The eyes firstly turned to left and 10 minutes later turned to right.Slow-phase angular velocity was recorded and the imbalanced left/right rate was calculated.Vestibularspinal reflex (VSR) was measured using balance beam and the length of the sway of the center of gravity (CG) and the sway velocity of CG were all calculated. Balance tests using a cursor were employed to examine the central optokinetic system, including sweeping, tracking, and optokinetic responses.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency audiometry, vestibular-ocular reflexes, and vestibular-spinal reflex and optokinetic responses were examined to assess the posture function, auditory function and visual function in elderly persons over 80 years old.And the results were compared with those of balance function tests and visual function tests in old population aged from 60 to 79 years old.RESULTS:Practically,the number of old participants over 80 years old receiving the tests of frequency audiometry, vestibular-ocular reflexes, and vestibular-spinal reflex and optokinetic responses were 41,24,39,40 and 34 respectively;The number of 60-79 participants receiving balance tests and visual tests were 18 and 10.Individuals refusing to participate were omitted. ① Auditory function:In 41 elderly persons ＞80 years,13 ears (16％) had a normal middle frequency audiometry, 69 ears (84％) had a loss of hearing. ② Posture function: 15 (62％) had normal vestibular-ocular reflexes, and 9 (38％) had abnormalities in vestibular-ocular reflexes.Ten (26％) had a normal vestibular-spinal reflex and 29 (74％) had an abnormal vestibular-spinal reflex.③ Balance function:Of all the variables of balance function,the length of the sway of CG and the sway velocity of CG were most valuable. In populations in both brackets, the length of the sway of CG and the sway velocity of CG in eyes-closed condition were longer and faster than those in eyes-opened .condition (P ＜ 0.01). In over 80 years group,the length of the sway of CG and the sway velocity of CG were longer and faster than in 60-79 group (P ＜ 0.01). ④ Optokinetic responses:Optokinetic plus were not obviously different between over-80 group and 60-79 group (P ＞ 0.05) and the latent period of sweeping and the distortion of tracking were significantly longer and greater in former group than in later(P ＜ 0.05-0.01 ).CONCLUSION:Most of the elderly persons over 80 years have a decrease in auditory and posture functions.Their optokinetic and balance functions are degenerated more severely than 60-79 years old population.

BACKGROUND: The rehabilitation treatment for acute myocardial infarction has started since 1980' s, but it has not been popularized yet in municipal hospitals due to limited conditions.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the possibility of 3-week rehabilitation intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction implemented in municipal hospitals.DESIGN: Controlled retrospective analysis was designed.SETTING: Department of Cardiology of YingKou Center Hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Sixty cases of acute myocardial infarction were collected in Department of Cardiology of Center Hospital in Yingkou City in 1996 and they were taken as experimental group. Totally 58 cases of acute myocardial infarction hospitalized in 1986 were taken as the control. In experimental group, 44 cases were males and 16 cases females, aged varied from 34 to 79 years; of which, 45 cases were diagnosed as cardiac dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmia. The situation in the control was near basically to that in experimental group. During the intervention, in experimental group, 10 cases presented chest oppression, 3 cases were afraid to accept the intervention; but by monitoring and explanation, all of those accomplished the experiment.METHODS: In the control, only rational clinical management was given. In experimental group, at the same time of clinical management implemented,the rehabilitation treatment for 3 weeks was carried out for patients with acute myocardial infarction, aiming to earlier movement, earlier getting up, earlier discharge. The rehabilitation procedure stood by gradually increased exercise amount and individualization and it was adjusted according to age, situation of sickness and psychological state, etc. For instance, if the signs of over-endurance presented, the exercise would stop temporarily or the exercise intensity be reduced.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparisons of exercise endurance, recovery time of exercise and hospitalizing time in 3 weeks of two groups.RESULTS: The patients in experimental group all accomplished 3-week rehabilitation intervention. In experimental group, the cases, in which, the exercise endurance was up to 5 to 6 equivalents 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction, were more than the control (78%, 12%, P ＜ 0.05). The cases that were able to go up-down stairs were more than the control(83%, 7%, P＜ 0.05) . The cases hospitalized ＜ 3 weeks were more than the control (78%, 10%, P ＜0.05).CONCLUSION: It is practical and safe to carry on rehabilitation procedure for acute myocardial infarction in municipal hospital. Rehabilitation exercise at the early stage accelerates remarkably the recovery of acute myocardial infarction.

Objective:To explore the relationship of Syk and VEGF-C expression in breast cancer with lymph node metastasis . Methods:The expression of Syk and VEGF-C in 40 cases of breast cancer were determined using immunohistochemistry assay .Then, the positive rates of Syk and VEGF-C were compared with lymph node metastasis .Results:The expression rate of VEGF-C and Syk in breast cancer was respectively 77.5%(31/40), 37.5%(15/40).VEGF-C protein expression was not significant related with the tumor diameter (P>0.05) and histological grade (P>0.05), but was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05).Syk protein expression was not significant related with tumor diameter (P>0.05) and the histological grade(P>0.05), and was associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05).The difference of Syk and VEGF-C had statistics significance(P<0.05).Con-clusion:Syk and VEGF-C involved in the lymphatic invasion and metastasis , may be an important indicator of prognosis .

Objective:To study the Raman spectrum and the surface enhanced Raman spectrum ( SERS) of cefalexin, cefadroxil and cephradine, and analyze the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of the three compounds under different pH conditions. Methods:The Raman spectrum and the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of the three compounds under different pH conditions were detected and measured by a portable Raman spectroscopy. Results: The results showed that the three compounds could exhibit characteristic peak information in the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy corresponding to that in the normal Raman spectrum, and the pH values had certain impact on the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of the three substances. Conclusion: Both the Raman spectrum and the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of cefalexin, cefadroxil and cephradine reflect certain fingerprint characteristics, and it is feasible to use Raman scattering method to identify the three cephalosporins.

Optical molecular imaging call non-invasively, quantitatively, real-time and dynamically monitor the biological processes in vivo, and enhance the understanding of disease and drug activity in the drug development process, which has been effectively used for target identification, compounds screening. pharmacodynamic action, pharmacokinetics research and evaluation of drug effect.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic disorder resulting in a functional deficit that usually leads to severe and permanent paralysis.Now several strategies including pharmacological and rehabilitation therapies are not effective treatments for spinal cord injury.Recently stem cell transplantion caused extensive concerns from scholars because of its feasibility in theories and definite effectiveness in experiments.Stem cell types used in spinal cord injury therapy include embryonic stem cells,neural stem cells,mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.We extensively review the related articles in recent years,discusse and analyze current situations and perspectives of different stem cells transplantion for treating spinal cord injury.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from differentiated somatic cells through reprogramming in vitro.Similarly to embryonic stem cells (ESCs),iPSCs have the ability of unlimited selfrenewal and multiple differentiation potential.But they are without the constraints of immunology and ethics and acquire conveniently.Patient-specific iPSCs provide an invaluable resource for disease modeling,drug discovery,regenerative therapy,immune therapy and cellular delivery vehicle in cancer therapy.Nowadays,the application of iPSCs technology has made some progress in the treatment of tumors.