Telomere and telomerase maintain the stability of chromosome in structure and function.Studies have found that they are closely related with the development of human tumors.Telomeres are deoxyribonucleic acid in the terminal of chromossote of eukaryotes to maintain the integrity of chromosone.Telomerase is a kind of special structure of nucleoprotein,it prolongs the telomere and maintains the telomere' s stability,and it is directly related to the unlimited proliferation and canceration of cells.Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is both the important component and speed limit subunit of telomerase,it directly determines the telomerase activity.Further studies on structure,function and interaction of telomere,telomerase and hTERT help understand the developing mechanisms of tumors,they have important significance to the tumor diagnosis and treatment,and can provide new targets for cancer treatment.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous,small,non-coding,single-stranded RNA molecules,which can specifically bind to the 3'-terminal non-coding regions of mRNA chain to induce posttranscriptional gene silencing effect and regulate the expression of mRNA.Recent studies have shown that miRNAs have extensively involved in various pathophysiological processes,including atherosclerosis,cerebral ischemia and hypoxia tolerance,cerebral edema,neuronal cell death,suggesting miRNAs may be used as biological markers of the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke and the biological target of early treatment.This article reviews the biological characteristics of miRNAs,its relationship with ischemic stroke and mechanism of action in order to provide new evidence and ideas for miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.

Streptococcus pneumoniae( SP) is the leading pathogenic bacteria of invasive bacterial infec-tions in children. It can cause some life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia,meningitis and sepsis. Strepto-coccus pneumoniae frequently colonizes the upper respiratory tract. It is essential to know the host immune re-sponse during the infection. This paper reviews antigenic structure of SP,pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal virulence factors,especially focuses on the immune response including the effect of innate immu-nity,macrophage,neutrophil and T-cell.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the utilization of aztreonam in perioperative patients in order to promote rational use of antimicrobial agents. METHODS: 215 discharged surgery cases were collected in Mar. 2009 and analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the rationality of drug use. RESULTS: Of 215 cases, preventive use accounted for 122 cases, among which rational use 29 cases and irrational use 93 cases; treatment use accounted for 93 cases, among which reasonable use 54 cases and unreasonable use 39 cases. CONCLUSION: Perioperative use of aztreonam was not in line with Guiding Principles for Clinical Use of Antibacterial Drugs, Notice for Further Strengthen Management of Clinical Use of Antibacterial Drugs Issued by General Office of the Ministry of Health. Unreasonable utilization require to arouse attention of medical personnel and strengthen management.

A total of 3 177 HIV/AIDS patients were admitted in Beijing Ditan Hospital,Capital Medical University from January 2009 to December 2015,among whom pneumothorax developed in 50 cases with a morbidity rate of 1.6％.Twenty six HIV/AIDS patients with pneumothorax died with a case fatality rate of 52.0％ (26/50).Pneunocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) was the dominant lung disease related to pneumothorax (37/50).Risk factors of pneumothorax were assessed among 40 HIV/AIDS patients with PCP undergoing mechanical ventilation in ICU,including 20 cases with pneumothorax and 20 cases without pneumothorac.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was independent risk factor of pneumothorax in HIV/AIDS patients with PCP under mechanical ventilation (OR =2.490,95 ％ CI:1.302-4.763,P =0.01).

Objective To research the pattern distribution of TCM syndromes in upper airway cough syndrome(UACS)(source of the nose).Methods Two hundred cases of UACS(source of the nose) were observed to analyze the pattern distribution of TCM syndromes.Result The pattern distribution of TCM syndromes was as follows:wind-phlegm obstruction lung syndrome 76 cases(38%),wind-phlegm and stagnant heat syndrome 58 cases(29%),wind-cold and dampness syndrome 34 cases(17%),lung dry and Yin deficiency syndorme 32 cases(16%).Analysis of nose diseases history and TCM syndrome type showed that allergic rhinitis,chronic nasosinusitis and non-allergic rhinitis were main causes of UACS(source of the nose),account for 46.0%,25.5% and 14.5% respectively.Conclusion Wind-phlegm obstruction lung syndrome and wind-phlegm and stagnant heat syndrome were the most common syndromes of UACS.

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of traditional medicine for adverse drug reaction of highly active antiretro-viral therapy(HAART)medication.Methods 60 patients with AIDS received conventional treatment with HAART were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group.Traditional medicine was observed in patients of treatment group for more than 3 months,and several necessary test items were recorded before and after research.Results After therapy,the clinical symptoms weight,Karnofsky performance scale(KPS)and CD4 cells of the patients in two groups was obviously improved.Comparing with the control group,treatment group had better significant efficiency in the symptom,increased CD4 cell(P<0.05)and KPS(P<0.05).Inefficiency of ALT and AST in treatment group was lower than control group,while efficiency and stability had no signifi-cant increase.Inefficiency of WBC,RBC,PLT and MCHC in treatment group was significant higher than control group.Conclusion Traditional medicine combine with HAART for HIV/AIDS can decrease the incidence of adverse drug reaction of HAART medi-cation.For patients,the combination have the efficiency on protecting the safety of prescription and improving the routine blood test.The Traditional medicine may play a role in attenuation and synergy and improve the condition and prognosis of patients.

Objective To study the chemical constituents in the immature fruits of Momordica charantia. Methods Isolation and purification were carried out by macroporous absorption resin and silica gel, and compounds were identified and elucidated by spectral and chemical methods. Results Ten compounds were obtained from alcohol extract and five of them were determined as germanicyl acetate (Ⅰ), aglycone of momordicoside Ⅰ (Ⅱ), aglycone of momordicoside L (Ⅲ), charantin (Ⅳ), and ?-sitosterol (Ⅴ). Conclusion For all the first time, compound Ⅰ is found in the plants of Momordica L., compound Ⅱ is found as novel natural product in this plant, and compound Ⅲ is found in China.

Objective To observe the efficacy of pressing Cuanzhu (BL2) in preventing adverse reactions of gastroscopy. Method Eighty-two patients who were going to receive gastroscopy were randomized into two groups, 41 cases in each group. Group A was intervened by pressing Cuanzhu ahead of gastroscopy to prevent the plausible adverse reactions, while group B didn’t receive any interventions before gastroscopy. The adverse reactions of gastroscopy were observed.Result Compared to the blank control group, the intervention group produced a more significant efficacy in preventing the adverse reactions of gastroscopy. Conclusion Pressing Cuanzhu can produce a content efficacy in preventing the adverse reactions of gastroscopy.

Objective To study the risk factors of preschool recurrent wheezing in Anhui area. Methods The clinical data from 816 children were collected through a questionnaire. The risk factors of preschool recurrent wheezing were investigated by logistic regression analysis. Results Preschool recurrent wheezing was associated with premature delivery, caesarean section, early weight gain(0 ~ 3 m), food allergy, allergic rhinitis, eczema, asthma or allergic rhinitis history of parents, passive smoking, viral infection and mycoplasma infection. The logis-tic regression analysis showed that premature delivery, early weight gain(0 - 3m), eczema, asthma or allergic rhi-nitis history of parents, passive smoking, viral infection and mycoplasma infection were the risk factors of preschool recurrent wheezing(P < 0. 05). Conclusion Premature delivery, early weight gain(0 - 3m), eczema, asthma or allergic rhinitis history of parents, passive smoking, viral infection and mycoplasma infection are the risk factors of preschool recurrent wheezing.