Objective　To investigate the significance of TGF-β1, TGFRl and TGFR2 in the pathogenesis and prognosis in patients with myelofibrosis. Methods　The expression of TGF-β1 and its receptors (TGFR1 and TGFR2 ) in bone marrow tissues and the level of TGF-β1 in the blood of 23 patients with myelofibrosis were detected by SABC immunocytochemistry and ELISA repectively. Results　Expression of TGF-β1 and TGFR 1 was significantly higher in primary and secondary myelofibrosis patients than that of the control. No significant difference of TGFR2 expression was found between the groups of myelofibrosis and the control (P>0.05). The level of TGF-β1 in the blood of the patients with myelofibrosis was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.01) and more obvious in secondary cases while TGF-β1 decreased nearly to the normal level when patients were in clinical remission. Conclusion　TGF-β1 and it's receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis and might be of importance for the prognosis of the patients with myelofibrosis.