Objective: To study the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on intestinal glucose absorption in young rats and its size effect.Methods: In the study, 63 small intestine segments were isolated from 63 Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats, 4-week-old) to prepare the everted gut sac model.In the first part of our work, the everted sacs were exposed to 0, 50 mg/L TiO2 nanoparticles (24 nm) for 2 h with the presence of a series of glucose concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mmol/L), and the glucose absorbing function of the everted sacs were assessed in the process.On the basis of the work, utilizing the same method, further study was carried out to compare the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (24 nm) and fine-particles (120 nm) on intestinal glucose absorbing function with the presence of 400 mmol/L glucose and 0, 10, 50, 200 mg/L TiO2.3 intestine segments were used in each group.Results: The cumulative glucose absorption increased with time extension and increased glucose concentration.In the first part of our work, with the presence of 400 mmol/L glucose, the group treated with 50 mg/L TiO2 nanoparticles showed significantly lower cumulative glucose absorption and glucose absorbing rate than the control group at the exposure time of 30 min (tcumulative absorption=3.254, P<0.05;tglucose absorbing rate=3.958, P<0.05), 90 min (tcumulative absorption=3.323, P<0.05;tglucose absorbing rate=3.063, P<0.05) and 120 min (tcumulative absorption=2.834, P<0.05;tglucose absorbing rate=3.002, P<0.05).At other glucose concentrations, statistically significant differences in cumulative glucose absorption or glucose absorbing rates were not found between the TiO2 nanoparticle exposed group and the control group.In the second part of our work, when compared with the control group, no significant downregulations in cumulative glucose absorption or glucose absorbing rates were observed in both TiO2 nano-particle treated group and TiO2 fine particle treated group.Differences between the TiO2 nanoparticle treated group and the TiO2 fine particle treated group were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Short-term exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles may downregulate the intestinal glucose absorbing function in young rats, and the difference with TiO2 fine particlesis is not obvious.

Objective:To compare the effect of TiO 2 nanoparticles on antioxidant function and element content of liver and kidney tissues in young and adult rats .Methods:Forty-eight SD male rats , half in 4-week (youth) old and half in 9-week (adult) old rats, were randomly divided into 8 groups, which were exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles [(75 ±15) nm, anatase] through intragastric administration at 0, 10, 50 and 200 mg/kg body weight every day for 30 days.The liver and kidney tissues were collected for antioxidant function and element content analysis .Results: 200 mg/kg TiO2 nanoparticles exposure significantly increased the liver total superoxide dismutase ( T-SOD ) activity and the kidney reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratios in young rats, and significantly decreased the liver Mo, Co, Mn and P contents and the kidney Rb and Na contents in young rats .200 mg/kg TiO2 nanoparticles exposure significantly increased GSH/GSSG ratios and Rb contents and decreased Na con-tents in the liver of adult rats .No significantly difference was found in antioxidant indexes and elements content in the kidney of adult rats between three experimental groups and control group .Conclusion:TiO2 nanoparticles can enhance the antioxidant capacity and decrease the elements content in rat liver and kidney tissues .The liver is the more sensitive target organ and the young animals are more susceptible to TiO2 nanoparticles toxicity by the oral routes .

Nanoparticle is a kind of material with at least one dimension in Nanometer scale, which has unique physical and chemical properties and is widely used in the fields of food and engineering. Intestinal Flora is involved in the regulation of human circulation and metabolism. The disturbance of Intestinal Flora may cause inflammatory reaction and chronic metabolic diseases. Nano titanium dioxide, Nano silver, Nano zinc oxide, Nano carbon nanoparticles and other nanoparticles have been proven to have good antibacterial properties, and can affect the intestinal flora of experimental animals. In this paper, the effects and mechanisms of various nanoparticles on intestinal microflora are summarized, which is helpful to provide a new idea for the safety study of nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle is a kind of material with at least one dimension in Nanometer scale, which has unique physical and chemical properties and is widely used in the fields of food and engineering. Intestinal Flora is involved in the regulation of human circulation and metabolism. The disturbance of Intestinal Flora may cause inflammatory reaction and chronic metabolic diseases. Nano titanium dioxide, Nano silver, Nano zinc oxide, Nano carbon nanoparticles and other nanoparticles have been proven to have good antibacterial properties, and can affect the intestinal flora of experimental animals. In this paper, the effects and mechanisms of various nanoparticles on intestinal microflora are summarized, which is helpful to provide a new idea for the safety study of nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt with temporary external drainage in the treatment of hydrocephalus.

METHODSFifty-two cases of hydrocephalus randomized into two groups to receive laparoscopic assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt with temporary external drainage (19 male and 7 female patients) and conventional ventriculoperitoneal shunt (20 male and 6 female patients). The catheterization time in the abdominal cavity, release time of intracranial hypertension, average hospital stay, postoperative pains, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSLaparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt with temporary external drainage was performed successfully in all the cases without intraoperative conversion to open surgery. Compared with the conventional ventriculoperitoneal shunt, laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt with temporary external drainage was associated with significantly shortened catheterization time in the abdominal cavity, release time of intracranial hypertension, and average hospital stay (P<0.01) as well as lowered postoperative pain score at 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after the operation. The pain scores at 48 and 72 h postoperatively were comparable between the two groups. During the follow-up 3 months, the patients receiving laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt were found to have significantly lower rates of peritoneal end obstruction and abdominal cavity infection than those having conventional shunt (3.8% vs 19.2%, P<0.01; 1.0% vs 23.1%, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONLaparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt with temporary external drainage is feasible and produces better clinical therapeutic effect for management of hydrocephalus.

Abdominal Cavity ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; surgery ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt ; methods

Biomonitoring can be applied to assess internal exposure and environmental exposure by exposure markers with providing internal exposure to biological characterization and individual exposure information, which is a key tool to evaluate the risk exposure to disease by biological alternation information. With the development of high throughput, broad spectrum and high efficiency screening and detection technology, biomonitoring is defined as traditional biological monitoring (targeted monitoring) and non targeted monitoring analysis (exposomic approaches). An exposomic approach differs from traditional biomonitoring in that it can theoretically include all exposures of potential health significance, whether they are derived from exogenous sources. Both traditional and nontraditional biomonitoring methods should be used to understand the complexity of exposures faced throughout the lifespan. Through hybrid approaches, emerging techniques and the integration of bioinformatics, and developing the detection methods for low abundance chemicals, improving the differentiation ability between endogenous and exogenous chemical, the health outcomes and exposures can be widely recognized and characterized, which can finally contribute to improving the precise prevention and intervention for diseases under the new exposomic model.

Bivalent platinum drugs [Pt(II)] represented by cisplatin are the first-line drugs in clinical application, but they have defects such as severe side-effects, poor bioavailability and drug resistance.Tetravalent platinum [Pt(IV)] complexes, derivatives of Pt(II) with different substitutions in axial positions, can be reduced to Pt(II) under the action of reductants in tumor, and can therefore act as a prodrug of Pt(II).Axial substituents can improve platinum drugs'' pharmacokinetics, selectivity and bioactivity, as well as achieve anti-tumor effect by additional cytotoxic mechanisms other than DNA damage, which can overcome the drug resistance to Pt(II).This review outlines the resistance mechanisms of platinum drugs, including platinum transport, detoxification, autophagy, and DNA repair, etc.It also summarizes the structure-activity relationship, main types and advances of tetravalent platinum prodrugs, as well as possible approach to solve platinum drug resistance.

Objective:To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) on urine metabolites in occupationally exposure people based on metabolomics technology, and to explore the mechanism of early health effects of TiO 2 NPs on occupational exposure. Methods:In October 2019, the TiO 2 NPs occupational exposure population was selected as the research object, of which 64 people were in the exposure group who had been engaged in TiO 2 NPs exposure positions for more than 1 year; the control group was 62 people, who were logistics administrative staff of the same company. The urine of the research subjects before class was collected, using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometer to collect the metabolism data of the urine, Progenesis QI software for data preprocessing and metabolite identification, SIMCA-P software for the principal component analysis of the data and potential biomarkers screening, MetaboAnalyst 4.0 software for metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Results:The urine metabolism profile of workers in the exposure group was different from the control group, and 44 potential biomarkers were screened and identified. These potential biomarkers were significantly enriched in three pathways ( P<0.05) , namely D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism pathway, nitrogen metabolism pathway and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism pathways. Conclusion:The occupational exposure of TiO 2 NPs can affect the concentration of metabolites in people urine and metabolic pathways, which provides a direction for the study of occupational hazard mechanisms of TiO 2 NPs and the monitoring of health risks.

Objective:To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) on urine metabolites in occupationally exposure people based on metabolomics technology, and to explore the mechanism of early health effects of TiO 2 NPs on occupational exposure. Methods:In October 2019, the TiO 2 NPs occupational exposure population was selected as the research object, of which 64 people were in the exposure group who had been engaged in TiO 2 NPs exposure positions for more than 1 year; the control group was 62 people, who were logistics administrative staff of the same company. The urine of the research subjects before class was collected, using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometer to collect the metabolism data of the urine, Progenesis QI software for data preprocessing and metabolite identification, SIMCA-P software for the principal component analysis of the data and potential biomarkers screening, MetaboAnalyst 4.0 software for metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Results:The urine metabolism profile of workers in the exposure group was different from the control group, and 44 potential biomarkers were screened and identified. These potential biomarkers were significantly enriched in three pathways ( P<0.05) , namely D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism pathway, nitrogen metabolism pathway and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism pathways. Conclusion:The occupational exposure of TiO 2 NPs can affect the concentration of metabolites in people urine and metabolic pathways, which provides a direction for the study of occupational hazard mechanisms of TiO 2 NPs and the monitoring of health risks.

Objective:To investigate the clinical and imaging characteristics of cervical spine hyperextension injury plus multilevel disco-ligamentous complex (MDLC) injury and the therapeutic effectiveness of their treatment.Methods:A total of 456 patients with cervical hyperextension injury were hospitalized between January 2010 and October 2020 at Department of Orthopaedics, The 909th Hospital, Dongnan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of the 43 patients among them who had been diagnosed with MDLC injury and undergone surgical treatment and been fully followed up. They were 37 males and 6 females with an age of (50.6±10.7) years. According to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading, there were 1 case of grade A, 8 cases of grade B, 18 cases of grade C, and 16 cases of grade D. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was (7.9±1.6) points. Anterior cervical decompression, fusion and internal fixation were conducted for 42 patients, and posterior total laminectomy and internal fixation for 1 patient. The clinical and imaging manifestations of the patients, and the consistency between preoperative and intraoperative diagnosis of disco-ligamentous complex (DLC) injury were analyzed. ASIA grading and JOA score were used to assess the outcomes of surgical treatment and comparisons were made between preoperation and postoperation.Results:DLC injury existed at 99 levels (43 cases), with a high incidence at level C 5-6 (30 cases), and high-signal manifestations of cervical cord injury existed at 48 levels, with a high incidence at level C 3-4 (16 cases). Two-segment DLC injury was the most common [74.4% (32/43)], while three-segment DLC injury existed in 9 cases and four-segment DLC injury in 2 cases. There were 21 cases of jumping MDLC injury and 22 cases of continuous MDLC injury. At preoperation, DLC injury was suspected in 10 patients (at 11 levels), of whom 8 (at 9 levels) were diagnosed intraoperatively with DLC injury, and 2 (at 2 levels) were excluded from the DLC injury. All the 43 patients were followed up for (54.7±10.7) months. By the ASIA grading at the last follow-up, 3 cases were grade C, 13 cases grade D, and 27 cases grade E. The JOA score at the last follow-up was (15.1±2.2) points. Both the 2 outcomes showed significant improvements compared with the preoperative values ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The clinical incidence of cervical hyperextension injury combined with MDLC injury is low, but relatively higher in the middle-aged and elderly patients. As the level of DLC injury is often inconsistent with the likely level of cervical spinal cord injury, surgical exploration of the DLC structure with suspected injury can reduce the rate of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.