Objective To understand the awareness status of knowledge on malaria control among residents and students,so as to evaluate the effectiveness of health education during the elimination phase of malaria in Jinshan District ,Shanghai City. Methods In 2010 and 2014,the stratified sampling and cluster sampling methods were taken to select the investigation sites, including 3 villages,1 middle schools,1 primary school,then the residents above 15 years old and the students in the above se?lected sites were investigated by questionnaires to understand their awareness status on malaria control. Results In 2010,the general awareness rates of malaria control knowledge of the study objects were 74.22%,and those of the residents,middle school students,and primary school students were 75.68%,61.86%and 72.20%,respectively. There was no significant differ?ence between the awareness rates of objects with different gender(χ2=1.755,P>0.05). The rate of the residents was higher than that of the students(χ2=59.838,P<0.01). From 2010 to 2014,a series of health education on malaria control was car?ried out. In 2014,the general awareness rate of knowledge on malaria control was 96.03%,and those of the residents,middle school student,and primary school students were 92.28%,98.59%and 99.49%,respectively. The awareness rate of the stu?dents was higher than that of the residents(χ2=275.794,P<0.01). Conclusion Through the health education and communi?ty advocacy,the awareness rates of knowledge on malaria control among residents and students have improved and met the quali?fication of malaria elimination in Jinshan District.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different strategies on short-and long-term clinical outcomes of renal transplantation in Chinese subjects.Methods 2520 renal transplantations were retrospectively evaluated,including 2490 first renal transplantations and 30 second renal transplantations.Triple-immunosuppressant including cyclosporine A,azathioprine or myeophenolate mofetil(MMF)and prednisone(Pred)was adopted.Patients receiving kidney transplantation were given low dose immunosuppressants since 2000.Immunosuppressants including tacrolimus,MMF and Pred were adopted in some patients since 2000.Risk factors leading to graft loss and patients'death were analyzed.Results Until the cut date of June 30,2009,135 patients lost follow-up,and the follow-up rate was 94.6%.Incidence of acute(within 6 months post-transplantation) rejection was 18% among 2520 patients.Incidence of acute rejection (within 6 months post-transplantation) was 25.7% in panel reactive antibody (PRA) positive patients,significantly higher than 17.0% in PRA negative patients(P<0.05).Incidence of acute rejection within 6 months post-transplantation was 16.9% in HLA mismatches<4 patients,significantly lower than 23.7% in HLA≥4 patients (P<0.01).Total patient/death censored graft 1-,3-,5- and 1O-year survivals were 94.5%/96.0%,91.6%/93.1%,88.5%/90.1% and 81.7%/80.6%,respectively.Acute rejection and immunosuppressant regimen were independent risks for allograft loss.1mmunosuppressant regiment,pulmonary infection,cardio-brain-vessel accident, hepatic failure and tumor were independent risks for patients' death.Conclusion Renal allograft and patient survival appeared to be improved by optimal immunosuppressant regimen,strict HLA match and efficient post-transplant complication prophylaxis.

OBJECTIVETo assess the impact of the number, and time of acute rejection (AR) and outcome of anti-rejection therapy on the long-term survival of renal allografts and the relative risk factors.

METHODSThe Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to calculate the survival rates of patients and grafts in no acute rejection group (NAR, 895 patients), 1 rejection episode group (1AR, 183), 2 and more than 2 rejection episodes group (2AR, 17), acute rejection group [AR (1AR + 2AR), 200], early acute rejection group (within 90 days after transplantation, EAR, 125), late acute rejection group (91 days later, LAR, 58), completely AR reversed group (CAR, 105), and incompletely AR reversed group (IAR, 68). The relative risk factors were analyzed by the Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTSThe 5- and 10-year survival rates of renal allografts were 75.4% and 17.1% in AR and 93.2% and 86.5% in the NAR group (P < 0.0001). The long-term graft survival was much lower in the 2AR group than in the NAR or 1AR groups (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.002, respectively). It was similar in either the NAR or CAR groups (P = 0.31), but it was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in the IAR group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the outcome of anti-rejection therapy is an important risk factor affecting the long-term survival of allografts.

CONCLUSIONSAR is significantly associated with poor long-term survival of renal allografts. But the long-term graft survival of patients with one acute rejection but completely reversed is not significantly different from that of patients without acute rejection.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Graft Rejection ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome