This paper made systematic description of the three objectives of sustainable development designed for the policy based on the sustainability theory for the health sector.The essential drug system for secondary hospitals comprises the list coverage and allocation percentage of essential drugs,requirements for bidding and purchasing as well as pricing practice; management and conditions of these hospitals,including leadership determination and competency,doctors prescription behavior,and supportive reforms at these hospitals; external policies and social environment,including government financial subsidy,medical service prices adjustment,medical insurance,and the awareness and attitude of the people on essential drugs.

Within the KABP model as a framework,the authors studied these behaviors at the following three levels,namely knowledge and learning,beliefs and attitude,and behavior.Such aspects as the education background and training,drug expertise,drug infonmation sources,personal experience and habits,attitudes,needs of physicians and patients',socio-demographic characteristics were discussed among others to probe into how physicians' personal behavior affects their prescription behavior.Recommendations raised include education and training,provision of correct drug information,greater publicity,better compensation mechanism of public hospitals,strengthened supervision,establishment of the system of prescription audit,etc.

Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are the neuropeptides released from the sensory nerve endings.Neuropeptides play a role in bone and the relevant organs.It exerts functions in regulation of the bone metabolism,fracture healing and pain by a certain way.The biological properties and distributions of SP and CGRP are closely related to the pathogenesis and development of bone metabolism,fracture healing and pain.

Objective To analyze the clinical features of patients with cholelithiasis treated in our hospital in the recent 10 years to explore the changing tendency of the spectrum of cholelithiasis in the Jiaodong region. Methods The clinical data of 2899 patients receiving operation for cholelithiasis in this hospital between January 1998 and January 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical parameters of sex, age and the lesion sites were reviewed. Compared with the clinical data of cholelithiasis patients in 1991, the data of the 2899 patients were statistically analyzed by SPSS 12.0 package.Results Significant differences existed in sex, e peak morbidity, and lesion sites. The ratio of male patients and female patients with cholelithiasis in differents site had obvious diversity. The constituent ratio of the female was manifestly higher than that of the male. The peak morbidity age range of cholecystolithiasis was 40 to 69. The peak age of gallbladder stones combined with common bile duct stones was 70 to 79, which was the same as that of common bile duct stones. The peak age of intrahepatic bile duct stones was 40 to 59. The constituent ratio of cholecystolithiasis was obviously higher than cholelithiasis in other sites. The incidence of cholecystolithiasis increased with age. Conclusion In the recent 10 years, female's ratio of gallbladder stones and intrahepatic stones was higher than male's.The morbidity of cholelithiasis significantly increased in aged patients. The spectrum of cholelithiasis has changed significantly.

Object Through performing the service satisfaction survey,to learn their interest claim and discover the service defects ,so as to provide advice and countermeasures.Method Using field survey methods and statistics analysis to study.Result The satisfaction of relatives of pediatric patients at the level of "relatively good" and "good" is about 60% both in medical treatment environment and equipment ,over 70% in medical treatment effect,doctor capacity,nursing capacity and overall assessment,but only 5.1% in medical expenses.Conclusion Relatives of pediatric patients have high satisfaction in treatment capability of medical staff,medical treatment effect as well as overall assessment ,normal satisfaction in medical environment and equipment,but lowest satisfaction in medical expenses,and the satisfaction in tertiary hospital is not high.Relatives in some districts demand much in some aspects,such as improving hospital environment,attaching importance to ward hygiene ,improving service attitude,and providing single ward ect.

Objective To study the quality of outpatient prescriptions for patients of different age groups at both township and village level,for the purpose of evaluating the outcomes and problems of the ongoing healthcare reform at primary levels.Methods 100 outpatient prescriptions of April 2015 were mechanically sampled randomly from two township hospitals and 8 village clinics in counties A and B in Hubei province.These prescriptions were analyzed for the drug count per prescription,percentage of intravenous prescriptions,that of antibiotics,that of hormones and average cost per prescription.Results At the township hospitals,the drug count per prescription(2.02)of county A was less than that of county B(3.26),while the percentage of intravenous prescriptions(30.30%),that of antibiotics(47.98%)and hormones(6.57%)of county A were significantly less than those of county B(50.65%,69.08% and 15.13% respectively).At village clinic level,the percentage of intravenous prescriptions(31.05%)of county A was higher than that of county B(20.34%),the average prescription costs(￥29.28)of county A was less than county B(￥31.45);while in terms of children′s prescriptions,average drug count of county A(2.50)was higher than county B(2.09),and its proportion of antibiotics(65.91%)was higher than county B(45.56%).Conclusions General primary care reform is faced with challenges of poor control of intravenous injection and use of antibiotics,particularly at village clinics and pediatric drug use in terms of prescription quality control.Both township and village levels should strengthen the supervision over the drug suppliers,guide the demand side to rationally use drugs and focus on the reasonableness of the medication of village clinics and children.

The massive water and steam are consumed in the production of cellulose ethanol, which correspondingly results in the significant increase of energy cost, waster water discharge and production cost as well. In this study, the process strategy under extremely low water usage and high solids loading of corn stover was investigated experimentally and computationally. The novel pretreatment technology with zero waste water discharge was developed; in which a unique biodetoxification method using a kerosene fungus strain Amorphotheca resinae ZN1 to degrade the lignocellulose derived inhibitors was applied. With high solids loading of pretreated corn stover, high ethanol titer was achieved in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, and the scale-up principles were studied. Furthermore, the flowsheet simulation of the whole process was carried out with the Aspen plus based physical database, and the integrated process developed was tested in the biorefinery mini-plant. Finally, the core technologies were applied in the cellulose ethanol demonstration plant, which paved a way for the establishment of an energy saving and environment friendly technology of lignocellulose biotransformation with industry application potential.
Bioelectric Energy Sources ; economics ; Biofuels ; analysis ; Biotransformation ; Ethanol ; analysis ; metabolism ; Fungi ; metabolism ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Lignin ; metabolism ; Steam ; Water ; analysis