Phages also known as bacteria viruses, are recognized as the most abundant and diverse microbes. This diversity is adapting to the selective pressures such as the prevalence of the phage resistance mechanisms of bacteria. Phages invade and lyse bacterial through six steps (adsorption, injection, replication, transcription translation, assemble, release). Bacteria evolve to many anti-phage mechanisms to avoid phage infection and lysis. This paper focus on a variety of anti-phage mechanisms of bacteria.
Bacteria ; genetics ; virology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriophages ; genetics ; physiology ; DNA Replication ; Evolution, Molecular ; Virus Attachment

Objective To evaluate the killing effect and the uptake of 125I-UdR on human lymphoma Raji and Daudi cell lines. Methods The amount of 125I-UdR in the cells and cell nuclei were determined after incubation of different time in RPMI 1640 culturing medium containing different concentrations of 125I-UdR. The killing effects of 125I-UdR on Raji and Daudi cell lines were estimated through MTT assay and cell cycle was analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Results The amounts of 125I-UdR in Raji and Dandi cells and cell nuclei were much higher than that of Na125I(P < 0.05). The amounts of 125l-UdR in Raji and Daudi cells were 14414±95 and (6916± 53.69) Bq/106 cell when the concentration was 100 kBq/ml. The amounts of Na125I were 68± 3.8 and (324±32.8) Bq/106 cell. The uptake of 125I-UdR in Raji and Daudi cells and cell nuclei increased with the 125I-UdR concentration and incubated time. The cell surviving fractions of 125I-UdR groups was much lower than that of Na125I groups (P < 0.05). When the concentration was 500 kBq/ml and incubated time was 48 hours, the Raji and Dandi cell surviving fractions of125I-UdR groups were (19.78 ± 1.39)% and (43.17 ± 2.69) % ;those of Na125I groups were (79.10 ± 1.79) % and (80.36 ± 6.12) %. The surviving fractions of 125I-UdR groups reduced with the 125I-UdR concentration. Conclusions 125I-UdR can be specially ingested by Raji and Daudi cells and incorporated into DNA, then the cells will be killed. The uptake of 125I-UdR is dose and time dependent.

Objective To investigate the imaging features of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in the normal,mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD),and explore the value of diagnosing MCI and AD by using the method of MRI measuring the volume of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.Method One hundred and twenty-two people including 42 cases of MCI,38 cases of AD,and 42 cases of noroal cognition(NC) were selected as our subjects from health examination persons both in hospital and outpatient service.All were performed general examination and neuropsychological scale evaluation.The volume of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were measured by using MRI.The correlation between the volumetric changes of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex with scores of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA) was analyzed.Results The volume of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in the MCI group,AD group and NC group were (6.29 ± 1.13)cm3 and (2.71 ± 0.51) cm3,(6.27 ± 1.11) cm3 and (2.09 ±0.68) cm3,(7.01 ±0.92) cm3 and (3.12 ±0.34) cm3 respectively.The volume of MCI group was obviously smaller than that of NC group (P ＜ 0.05).The volume of AD group was smaller than that of NC group(P ＜0.01).The volume of AD group was obviously smaller than that of MCI group(P ＜0.01).There was positive correlation between hippocampus volume,the volume of entorhinal cortex and MMSE scores (r =0.770,0.811 ; P ＜ 0.01).Meanwhile,hippocampal volume,volume of entorhinal cortex were positive correlated with MoCA (r =0.810,0.842; P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The atrophy of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus is closely related to cognitive disorder.The MRI measuring of the volume of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus has a potential value in diagnosing and distinguishing of MCI and NC.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CT-guided radioactive 125I seed implantation in treating retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis due to recurrent cervical cancer after radiotherapy.Methods A total of 10 patients with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis (12 lesions in total)due to recurrent cervical cancer after radiotherapy,who were treated with CT-guided 125I seed implantation during the periodfrom November 2011 to October 2015,were included in this study.The diameters,that were perpendicular to each other,of the involved lymph nodesranged from 1.7 cm×1 cm to 6.5 cm×5 cm,the diameter of 6 involved lymph nodes (50％) was ＜5.0 cm and the diameter of other 6 involved lymph nodes (50％) was ≥5.0 cm.With the help of treatment planning system for brachytherapy,the source distribution was formulated.Under CT guidance,the 125l seedswith the activity of 0.3-0.7 mCi were implanted.Postoperative validation showed that D90 (90％ minimum prescription dose received by the target volume) was 36-110 Gy (median 59 Gy).After the treatment,the changes in lesion size,pain relief and complications were recorded.Results The 10 patients were followed up for 4.3-16.1 months,the median follow-up time was 9.7 months.The 2-month local control rate and the 2-month effective rate were 100％ and 58.3％,respectively.The 2-month,6-month and 12-month survival rates were 100％,66.7％ and 58.3％,respectively.The median survival time was 12.1 months.One patient (10％) died of gastrointestinal bleeding at five months after treatment,six patients (60％) died of distant metastases,three patients (30％) survived withno evidence of local recurrence.No major complications such as massive hemorrhage,intestinal infection,bone marrow suppression or other 125I seed-related complications occurred.Conclusion For the treatment of retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis due to recurrent cervical cancer after radiotherapy,CT-guided radioactive 125I seed implantation has satisfactory short-term curative effect,and this technique is safe and feasible.

Objective To discuss the commonly used puncturing approaches in CT-guided 125I seed implantation for lumbar lymph node metastases in order to provide safe and reliable technical guidance for clinical practice.Methods Under CT guidance,125I seed implantation for lumbar lymph node metastases was performed.According to different locations of metastatic lymphadenopathy (left waist,right waist or middle waist),the corresponding puncture route and implantation method were adopted.Meanwhile,different puncturing approach was designed in order to avoid damage to vital organs.Results For the performance of 125I seed implantation for the lymphadenopathy located at the left waist,right waist and middle waist,the commonly used puncturing approaches were percutaneous transthoracic lumboiliac costal muscle method (i.e.back approach),trans-hepatic trans-duodenal method (i.e.lateral approach) or back approach method,and trans-mesenteric approach together with coaxial needle method (i.e.anterior approach) respectively.Conclusion It is clinically feasible to use different puncturing approaches in performing 125I seed implantation for lumbar lymph node metastases,the suitable puncturing approach can ensure a successful and safe operation.

Objectives To develop Z-scores reference ranges for kidney in normal fetuses from the measurements of gestational age (GA),biparietal diameter (BPD) or femur length (FL) using two-dimension ultrasound.Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of 403 singleton normal fetuses was performed.The gestation age range was from 18 to 40 weeks.Fetal biologic parameters included GA and BPD and FL based on menstrual age.Left kidney length and left kidney width of normal fetus were measured.Normal Z-score ranges were developed for leftkidney length or left kidney width using GA,BPD and FL as independent variables.Results Linear regression model was the best description of the data in each case and correlation between left kidney length or left kidney width and independent variables were excellent (r=0.8761,0.8818,0.8797,0.8604,0.8723,0.8643).All P values were less than 0.01.The equations were as follows,Y=0.094 22 + 0.1088X,Y=0.132 57 + 0.4349X,Y=0.6664 + 0.491 05X,Y=0.060 58X-0.051 98,Y=0.262 19X-0.197 55,Y=0.294 02X + 0.136 19.Heteroscedasticity of standard deviation (s) with increasing independent variables also could be modeled with a simple linear (r=0.925,0.934,0.915,0.908,0.914,0.922),All P values were less than 0.01.The equations were as follows,Y=0.025 + 0.005 58X,Y=0.097 09 + 0.010 45X,Y=0.046 17 + 0.025 65X,Y=0.001 13 + 0.002 24X,Y=0.003 67 + 0.011 55X,Y=0.005 07 + 0.015 89X.Then we got Z-scores based on the equation,Z-score=(actual measurement data of left kidney length or left kidney width-predictive data of left kidney length or left kidney width) predictive s.Conclusions Normal reference ranges and Z-scores for fetal left kidney length and left kidney width had been provided.These normative data may be useful tools for assessment of fetal kidney length and kidney width,especially had potential applications in malformations of fetal kidney.

Objective To study the anatomical characteristics of the medial sural vessels and the clinical effects of treatment for leg skin and soft tissue defect with free flaps.Methods 6 adult lower limbs were treated by latex perfusion and then observed the origin of the blood supply to gastrocnemius muscle,measure the number of the arteries and veins,the length and diameter of the medial sural vessels.From July 2009 to May 2013,15 clinical cases of serious skin and soft tissue defect were repaired by using free flap with medial sural vessels.The areas of wound surface were ranging from 13 cm × 7 cm-24 cm × 12 cm.10 of them were treated by anterolateral thigh flap,the other of them were treated by latissimus dorsi flap.The donor site were directly sutured or repaired by free skin graft.Results The blood supply of gastrocnemius mucle was multifocal.The medial sural arteries and lateral sural arteries were both origin from popliteal artery.The medial sural vessels include 1 artery and 2 veins.With the length 4-7 cm (average,5.4 cm),the arterial diameter of the origin 2.6-2.9 mm (average,2.7 mm) and the entry point 1.9-2.3 mm (average,2.1 mm),the vein diameter of the origin 1.8-2.2 mm (average,2.0 mm)and the entry point 2.7-3.4 mm(average,2.9 mm).Totally 15 cases flaps were survived with primary healing.The mean follow-up period was 16.5 months(range,11-21 months),The flaps had satisfactory appearance,soft texture,good elasticity and achieved protective sensation at the last followed-up.Conclusions The medial sural vessels are with constant anatomical position,deeply position,hardly damage,long pedicle.Thus,the medial sural vessels combine with free flap is an good choice for the reconstruction of leg skin and soft tissue defect.

Objective To study the anatomical characteristics of the medial sural vessels and the clinical effects of treatment for leg skin and soft tissue defect with free flaps.Methods 6 adult lower limbs were treated by latex perfusion and then observed the origin of the blood supply to gastrocnemius muscle,measure the number of the arteries and veins,the length and diameter of the medial sural vessels.From July 2009 to May 2013,15 clinical cases of serious skin and soft tissue defect were repaired by using free flap with medial sural vessels.The areas of wound surface were ranging from 13 cm × 7 cm-24 cm × 12 cm.10 of them were treated by anterolateral thigh flap,the other of them were treated by latissimus dorsi flap.The donor site were directly sutured or repaired by free skin graft.Results The blood supply of gastrocnemius mucle was multifocal.The medial sural arteries and lateral sural arteries were both origin from popliteal artery.The medial sural vessels include 1 artery and 2 veins.With the length 4-7 cm (average,5.4 cm),the arterial diameter of the origin 2.6-2.9 mm (average,2.7 mm) and the entry point 1.9-2.3 mm (average,2.1 mm),the vein diameter of the origin 1.8-2.2 mm (average,2.0 mm)and the entry point 2.7-3.4 mm(average,2.9 mm).Totally 15 cases flaps were survived with primary healing.The mean follow-up period was 16.5 months(range,11-21 months),The flaps had satisfactory appearance,soft texture,good elasticity and achieved protective sensation at the last followed-up.Conclusions The medial sural vessels are with constant anatomical position,deeply position,hardly damage,long pedicle.Thus,the medial sural vessels combine with free flap is an good choice for the reconstruction of leg skin and soft tissue defect.

As a standard method for early stage prostate cancer, 125Ⅰ seed implantations are used widely in America. Although there are guidelines from American Brachytherapy Society and American Association of Physicists in Medicine, some hospitals still cannot implant the seeds properly according to the guidelines. Complications were observed inevitably. The medical events about seeds implantation in America from 2002 were investigated and the reasons were analyzed in this paper. Additionally, some solutions were given to avoid the medical events, so that the practitioners in China can learn from it and make sure the 125Ⅰ seeds implantation can be developed healthily and smoothly.

Objective To investigate the effect of different hypoglycemic methods on tibial osteotomy (HTO)in patients with diabetes mellitus,and to seek a more scientific and reasonable clinical intervention model.Methods From February 2016 to January 2017,sixty patients with knee osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group,with 30 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were treated with Acarbose and Aspartic Insulin 30 injection method for blood glucose intervention.Patients in the observation group were treated with vildagliptin and Aspartic Insulin 30 injection.The changes of fasting blood glucose(FPG),postprandial 2 h blood glucose(2 hPG),glycosylated hemoglobin(HbAlc),body mass index(BMI)and other indicators of the two groups were measured before treatment,before surgery and 6 months after surgery,and the adverse reactions of the two groups of patients were compared.Results Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences in FPG and 2 hPG of the two groups collected before treatment,before surgery and 6 months after surgery(F=85.40,617.06; P<0.05).Independent sample t test showed that HbAlc in the control and the observation group((7.9±0.9)%,(7.5±0.8)%)were significantly lower than those before treatment((9.8 ±1.5)%,(9.5±1.2)%)(t=5.95,7.60,P<0.05),at 6 months after surgery,BMI((25.83±1.78)kg/m2) in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group((27.35 ± 2.41)kg/m2)(t=2.78,P<0.05).The number of adverse reactions in the observation group was 2 cases(6.67%),significantly lower than that of the control group of 13 cases(43.33%),the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(χ2=10.756,P<0.05).Conclusion Vildagliptin combined with Aspartic Insulin 30 injection can not only effectively control the perioperative blood glucose levels in patients with HTO,but also can help the patients to control the body weight and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.This method has a positive effect on the recovery of HTO.