Objective To design an experiment for method-comparison and bias estimation of multi tests on multi instruments.Methods According to the procedure described by the NCCLS approved guideline EP9-A and improving the method of sample collection,we took 8 patient mixing samples each day to analyze all comparison tests on 11 auto-chemistry analyzer within following 5 days.The duplicates were assessed within the same run.The coefficient of correlation and average bias% were calculated,and the system errors at medical decided levels were assessed.Results Taking ALT as an example,the coefficients of correlation were between 0.994-1.000,and the average bias% were between-0.460%-4.927%,SE at 40U/L was-1.510-1.834 and SE at 300 U/L was-3.101-9.188.Conclusion In all tests that joined the comparison among the different instruments,28 tests were acceptable,2 tests were acceptable after modifying the coefficients,and AMY and LIP were not acceptable.

A study was performed to validate 3 FMDV 3ABC-I-ELISA kits developed in China for the differentiation of FMDV infected and vaccinated animals.Sets of sera from naive and vaccinated cattle as well as from cattle that had been infected were tested for antibodies against nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV by commercial diagnosis kits,Ceditest(R)FMDV-NS (Ceditest(R) kit),UBI(R) FMDV NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN ELISA DIRECTION INSERT (UBI(R) kit) and a FMDV 3ABC-I-ELISA kitdeveloped at the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute.The test parameters (sensitivity and specificity) of the three kits were determined,and the result obtained from FMD 3ABC-I-ELISA kit was compared with that obtained from two foreign kits.The results indicated that the coincidence rate between the FMDV 3ABC-I-ELISA and Ceditest(R) kits was 98.05%,and the coincidence rate between the FMDV 3ABC-I-ELISA and UBI(R) kits was 94.4%; the sensitivity of both Ceditest(R) and FMDV 3ABC-I-ELISA kit was 100%.However,the sensitivity of the UBI(R) kit was only 81.8%.With sera from naive or vaccinated non-infected animals,the specificity of all tests exceeded 90%.

In order to obtain higher L-lactic acid yield industrial strain, the original strain Rhizopus oryzae PW352 was mutated by means of N+ ions implantation and a mutant strain Rhizopus oryzae RE3303 was obtained. Its lactic acid yield was increased by 75% than that of the original one. The acid producing condition was optimized by orthogonal design. The concentration of L-lactic acid reached to 131～136g/L and the conversion rate of glucose was as high as 86%～90% under the optimum condition.

In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics parameters of SPIO-shRNA dual functional molecular probe and observed the main organ distribution by MRI in vivo. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups and injected intravenously with different doses of SPIO-shRNA molecular probe, respectively. The blood samples were collected to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters by measuring the iron content at 30 minutes before and after the injection. Twenty-four Kun Ming (KM) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group was injected intravenously with physiological saline 200 µL per mouse via the tail vein, the other 3 groups were injected intravenously with different doses of SPIO-shRNA molecular probe. MRI observation was performed in 24 hours, and the liver, spleen, kidney, brain and muscle were collected for iron quantification with Prussian blue staining to determine distribution of the SPIO-shRNA molecular probe in the main organ in vivo. Our results suggest that the molecular probe blood half-life is more than 3 hours. The data of MRI suggest the probe was distributed in liver and spleen, and the MRI signal was reduced with the increase in probe's doses (P < 0.05). The results of Prussian blue staining confirmed the results of MRI. Most of the probe could escape the phagocytosis of mononuclear phagocyte system. Our data provide the pharmacokinetic and distribution of SPIO-shRNA molecular probe in organs. Meanwhile, it suggests the choice of the time and dose of probe for MR imaging of tumor in vivo.
Animals ; Half-Life ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetite Nanoparticles ; Mice ; Molecular Probes ; pharmacokinetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; chemistry ; Rabbits

Objective To monitor the clinical epidemiology and etiology of acute diarrhea in children in the outpatient setting in Shanghai .Methods An active surveillance study in Children′s Hospital of Fudan University between August 2013 and July 2014 was conducted .Outpatient children with acute diarrhea were enrolled in this study and stool samples were collected .Pathogens including norovirus ,diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) , nontyphoidal Salmonella spp .(NTS),Campylobacter,Shigella,pathogenic vibrio and Yersinia enterocolitica were identified and typed .The χ2 test was used for statistical analysis .Results Of the 881 stool samples from enrolled children , the pathogens included into the target detection were identified in 246 (27 .92% ) cases . Norovirus ,DEC ,NTS ,Campylobacter and Shigella were detected in 98 (11 .12% ) cases ,74 (8 .40% ) cases , 61 (6 .92% ) cases ,34 (3 .86% ) cases and 2 (0 .23% ) cases ,respectively .Neither pathogenic vibrio nor Yersinia enterocolitica was identified .Children younger than 36 months old (3 .27% ,26/794) had a lower risk (χ2=7 .41 ,P=0 .006) of Campylobacter infection compared with older children (9 .20% ,8/87) .Vomiting (37 .76% ) and watery diarrhea (21 .34% ) were more commonly seen in children with norovirus infection;fever and mucous stool were commonly seen in diarrheal children with NTS infection (40 .98% and 21 .31% ,respectively) and Campylobacter infection (29 .41% and 26 .47% ,respectively) .Conclusion Enteric pathogens play a major role in childhood acute diarrhea in Shanghai .Continuous monitoring of enteric pathogens will be helpful for reasonable treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea in children .

ObjectiveTo understand the clinical epidemiology of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in children with hand,foot,and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shanghai during 2010 to 2011.Methods The demographic,etiological and clinical data of children with HFMD were analyzed retrospectively.EV71 was tested in stool samples by one-step quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The date were analyzed by Chi-square test.ResultsEV71 was detected in 820 (54.45％) of 1506 inpatients in 2010 and in 924 (59.84％) of 1544 inpatients in 2011,respectively.The detection rates in severe cases and uncomplicated cases were 86.31％ and 46.67％ (x2 =247.146,P＜0.01) in 2010 and 88.78％ and 48.75％ (x2 =201.664,P＜0.01) in 2011,respectively.The detection rate of EV71 was the highest (60％- 67 ％) during May and June when HFMD peaked.Among 1744 EV71-infected HFMD inpatients,the male-to-female ratio was 1.78 ∶ 1 ; the proportion of cases was the lowest in infant ＜6 months of age (0.46％,8/1744),and the highest in children 1 years of age (34.92％,609/1744); children aged 1-3 years accounted for 76.78％ (1339/1744);and migrant children accounted for 72.76 ％ (1269/1744).The demographic characteristics in severe cases were similar to those in general EV71-infected children.Nine severe cases of pulmonary edema/hemorrhage were all infected with EV71.Conclusions EV71 was a major pathogen causing the outbreaks of HFMD and severe complications in Shanghai in 2010 and 2011.Most severe cases and all critically severe cases were associated with EV71 infection.

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a particular form of oral leukoplakia clinically characterized by chronic proliferation, multiple occurrence, and intractability. It is seen mostly among elderly women and often involves bucca, palate, gingiva and tongue. Its canceration rate is very high. This article reports a case of a middle-aged woman with progressive PVL which became focally malignant who complained about buccal and palatal exophytic white patches, and discusses the possible pathogenic mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis of PVL and differentiation between PVL and other types of oral leukoplakia by way of reviewing relevant literature.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Female ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Leukoplakia, Oral ; Middle Aged ; Tongue

OBJECTIVETo investigate the epidemiological features, genetic drift in the epitopes of hemagglutinin (HA) of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus and oseltamivir-resistant variants characterized by H275Y and N295S mutations in children in Shanghai since the outbreak.

METHODBetween June 2009 and May 2012, a prospective surveillance study was carried out in Shanghainese children who attended the outpatient clinic of Children's Hospital of Fudan University for influenza-like illness. One-step real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect seasonal influenza A and influenza B virus and the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in the respiratory samples. Genetic drift from the vaccine strain in HA epitopes of the novel influenza H1N1 virus and the molecular markers associated with oseltamivir resistance in neuraminidase (NA) were analyzed.

RESULTOut of 3475 enrolled cases, the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus was confirmed virologically in 222 (6.4%) otherwise healthy children with 133 (59.9%) being boys and 89 (40.1%) girls. The median ages of children with the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the first wave from August 2009 to February 2010 and the second wave from December 2010 to February 2011 were 53.5 months and 32.0 months, respectively (Z = -4.601, P = 0.000); 119 (46.9%) had the close contact with persons suffering from fever or respiratory infection, of whom, 68 (57.1%) contacts were family members and 47 (39.5%) contacts were classmates. During the outbreak in 2009-2010 season, 66 (40.9%) were exposed to primary index cases, school students were the major exposure subjects, accounting for 50.0%. The nucleotide sequences of HA1 gene were highly homologous between the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 and Shanghai circulating novel influenza A (H1N1) strains and only S83P mutation in epitope E of HA was detected inclusively in the circulating strains. The H275Y and N295S amino acid mutations associated with oseltamivir resistance were not found in the circulating novel influenza (H1N1) strains.

CONCLUSIONTwo major waves of the novel influenza A (H1N1) outbreaks occurred in Shanghainese children during 2009-2011. Institutional children were the major affected individuals during the 2009 pandemic wave. Households and schools were the main sites of transmission among children during influenza pandemic. Influenza vaccination should be enhanced in children and their close family contacts. The novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in Shanghai has not undergone significant genetic changes. Oseltamivir is effective for the treatment of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus.

Adolescent ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; Hemagglutinins, Viral ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; pathology ; virology ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuraminidase ; genetics ; Oseltamivir ; pharmacology ; Pandemics ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

Hot-melt extrusion was applied to prepare mesoporous silica/ethylcellulose mini-matrix for sustained release, and fenofibrate was used as a model drug, ethylcellulose and xanthan gum were chosen as sustained-release agent and releasing moderator, respectively. This novel matrix obtained the controlled release ability by combining mesoporous silica drug delivery system and hot-melt extrusion technology. And mesoporous silica particle (SBA-15) was chosen as drug carrier to increase the dissolution rate of fenofibrate in this martix. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, small angle X-ray powder diffraction and N2 adsorption-desorption were introduced to determine the particle morphology, particle size and pore structure of the synthesized SBA-15. The results showed that SBA-15 had a very high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, a narrow pore size distribution, large pore volume and a ordered two-dimensional hexagonal structure of p6mm symmetry. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction results demonstrated that fenofibrate dispersed in an amorphous state inside the pores of the mesoporous silica which contributed to the improvement in the dissolution rate. The drug release of mini-matrices was influenced by ethylcellulose viscosity grades and xanthan gum concentration, which increased with the increasing of xanthan gum concentration and decreasing of ethylcellulose viscosity. Mini-matrix containing 22% xanthan gum exhibited a good sustained release performance, and the drug release behavior followed the first-order kinetics.
Adsorption ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Cellulose ; analogs & derivatives ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Porosity ; Powder Diffraction ; Powders ; Silicon Dioxide ; Solubility ; X-Ray Diffraction

OBJECTIVETo retrospectively analyzed the clinical features and epidemiology of children with severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease during 2009 and 2010 in Shanghai to investigate some risk factors with fatal cases.

METHODAll the clinical records and laboratory results of serious patients were collected. A retrospective study was performed.

RESULTA total of 748 serious patients were enrolled into this study, and the ratio of male to female was about 1.7:1; 724 patients were categorized into stage 2 with 254 patients in 2009 and 470 in 2010; 24 patients were categorized into stage 3 with 17 in 2009 and 7 in 2010. The rate of severity in 2010 (1.5%) was lower than in 2009 (6.3%) (χ2=12.836, P<0.01). Seven patients of stage 3 died, with the fatality 29.2%, which was higher than in stage 2 (P<0.01). The children aged between 3 months 10 days to 12 years 9 months with onset median age of 25 months. Among them, 77.1% patients aged between 1 and 4 years which also accounted for 79.2% of the fatal cases (19/24). But there was no significant difference between the age and the severity (χ2=0.804, P>0.05). Fever (100%), vomiting (57.0%) and myoclonus jerk (62.3%) were the most frequent symptoms occurred in those serious cases. The average period of fever in children of stage 2 and 3 was (4.10±1.40) d and (5.05±1.05) d, respectively, which indicated significant difference between the two groups (t=3.173, P<0.05). The average values of white-blood-cell counts and blood glucose in fatal patients were (14.8±6.25)×10(9)/L and (8.63±3.51) mmol/L. They were higher when compared to those in stage 2 with the white-blood-cell counts of (11.8±4.23)×10(9)/L and blood glucose of (5.51±2.14) mmol/L (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in C-reactive protein or cerebrospinal fluid white-blood-cell counts; A total of 182 patients were enrolled for MRI study during the acute stage with 37 (37/182, 20.3%) presented abnormal findings. Among them, most frequent findings were hyperintense lesions seen in brain stem (11 cases). A stage 3 case who died presented brain edema on MRI examination.

CONCLUSIONThe epidemic of HFMD has some correlation with the area, season, health condition of the family and gender of the children. Children under 4 years of age especially those who lived in rural areas were susceptible to the HFMD. Frequent vomiting or myoclonus jerk may indicate the central nervous system involvement. But persistent high fever may indicate tendency to deteriorate. Some laboratory examinations can help find the fatal cases at an early time.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors