Objective: To explore the effect of health insurance on consumption for rural and urban households. Methods: Using empirical study with the method of quasi-social experiment. Results: Households with health insurance have more consumption than those without health insurance. The higher the coverage of family health insurance improves, the more effects medical insurance would encourage family consumption. Meanwhile, the marginal effect of health insurance on rural households ’ consumption is much bigger than that of urban households. Conclusion: Through enhancing households’ risk tolerance, health insurance reduces households’ precautionary saving motivation and impels to increase the current consumption.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors for persevering in pelvic floor muscle exercise in puerperal women and nursing countenneasures.MethodsThe influencing factors for persevering in pelvic floor muscle exercise in 120 puerperal women before June 2010 were analyzed,and they were set as the control group.According to the analysis results,targeted nursing countermeasures were developed,comprehensive care approach that combined nursing intervention with health education were applied in 116 cases of puerperal women from June 2010 to June 2011,who were set as the observation group.The situation of recovery for maternal pelvic floor muscle tension was observed.ResultsThere were four main factors that affected maternal pelvic floor muscle exercise:pelvic floor muscle exercise is not inspected as post-natal visits items,obstetric nurses did not carry out necessary propaganda,did not understand the importance of pelvic floor muscle exercise and lack of knowledge among the puerperal women.The test results for pelvic floor muscle tension were as followed:in the observation group Ⅰ degree was in 9 cases,accounting for 7.76％; Ⅱ degree was in 31 cases,accounting for 26.72％; Ⅲ degree was in 76 cases,accounting for 65.52％.In the control group,I degree was in 35 cases,accounting for 29.17 ％; Ⅱ degree was in 44 cases,accounting for 36.67％; Ⅲ degree was in 41 cases,accounting for 34.17％.The recovery effect of pelvic floor muscle tension in the observation group was obviously better than the control group,the difference was significant.ConclusionsFactors influencing the puerperal women in persevering in pelvic floor muscle exercise was various,personalized care and intervention according to the influencing factors can improve compliance of pelvic floor muscle exercise for puerperal women,contribute to the recovery of pelvic floor muscle tension.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis,and it is associated with the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases.This article reviews the mechanism of action of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease,and the neuroprotective effects of NADPH oxidase inhibitors.

Objective To explore the role of hemoglobin (Hb) level in mortality and morbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD)patients,aiming to give some evidence for therapy of anemia.Methods Randomized,clinical trials (RCTs) were identified by searching Medline,Embase and the Cochrane library.All the analyses were performed using the Revman software available free from the Cochrane collaboration.Results Twenty-three trials involving 10 204 patients were identified.Overall,the high Hb target was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR=1.10,95％ CI 1.00 to 1.21),hypertension (RR=1.40,95％ CI 1.12 to 1.75),stroke and hospitalization (RR=1.07,95％ CI 1.00 to 1.14) compared with low Hb target (P＜0.05).No significant difference was found in the risks of non-fatal mycardial infarction (RR=1.13,95％ CI 0.79 to 1.62) and renal replacement therapy (RR =1.00,95％ CI 0.85 to 1.18).Conclusions Targeting low Hb target is beneficial to CKD patients based on reduced risk of hypertension,hospitalization,stroke and all-cause mortality.However,no significant difference is found in non-fatal mycardial infarction and renal replacement therapy.

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of short-term (2-7 d) high-dose (80 mg/d) statins in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy ( CIN).MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase,ScienceDirect,Scopus,Ovid andWileyInterScience with the key wordsof “ statins/statin/HMG-CoA reductaseinhibitor” ,“contrast ” and“ nephropathy/nephrosis/nephrotoxicity/kidneyfailure”inall languages from 1996 t0 2010 for RCT that assessed the preventive effect of short-term (2-7 d)high-dose( 80 mg/d) statins on CIN.ResultsFive trials with a total of 1009 patients were identifiedTwo studies were conducted in patients with CKD 3-5 stages ( GFR≤60 ml/min or serum creatinine≥97.2 μmol/L) and the remaining 3 studies were conducted in patients with CKD l and 2 stages.Analysis of the data in patients with CKD 3-5 stages did not reveal a statistically significant difference in CIN incidence between the statins and placebo groups (6.50％vs 7.2％ ).The relative risk ( RR)was 0.89 without evidence of heterogeneity (12 =Oqo,P=O.79).Analysis of the data in patients with CKD I and 2 stages revealed a significantly lower CIN incidence in the statins group( 3.60-/o )than that in the placebo group( 11.9％ ).The RR was 0.28 without evidence of heterogeneity( I2=0%, P =0.87 ). Conclusion Short-termhigh-dosestatins treatment may be benefical in reducing the incidence of CIN in patients with CKD l and 2 stages,while nobenefit has been shown in the patients with CKD 3-5 stages.

Objective To investigate the serum levels of certain vitamins and trace elements in infant and children with pneumonia.Methods Totally 120 pediatric patients with pneumonia who were treated in our hospital were enrolled in the study.Meanwhile,60 age-matched healthy children were randomly selected as the control group.The serum vitamin A level was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography.The serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level was analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The serum zinc,calcium,magnesium,and iron contents were detected using atomic absorption spectrometry.The differences of serum levels of vitamins and trace elements as well as the ratios of vitamins and trace elements deficiency were compared between these two groups.Results The rates of iron,zinc,and vitamin A deficiencies were 35.36％,37.09％,and 46.59％,respectively,in pediatric patients with pneumonia,which were significantly higher than those in the control group ( 18.76％,x2 =4.32; 20.08％,x2 =4.15 ; 25.08％,x2 =5.81 ; all P ＜0.05).There were no significant differences in the rates of calcium,magnesium,and vitamin D deficiencies between these two groups ( all P ＞ 0.05 ).The serum zinc [ ( 16.07 ± 3.56) vs.(23.24 ± 4.05) μmol/L,t =15.82,P ＜ 0.05 ],iron [ ( 19.89 ± 4.79) vs.(25.13 ± 5.07 ) μmol/L,t =6.65,P ＜ 0.05 ],and vitamin A levels [ ( 365.76 ±35.37 ) vs.(451.09 ± 32.16) μg/L,t =2.14,P ＜ 0.05 ] in the pneumonia group were significantly lower than those in the control group.The serum levels of calcium,magnesium,and 25-hydroxy vitamin D showed no significant difference between these two groups ( all P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion Zinc,iron,and/or vitamin A deficiencies are common among infant and children with pneumonia.

Objective　To observe the effects and explore the mechanism of orthopia by using viscoelastic substance (sodium hyaluronate)in adherent strabismus(AS).Methods　A total of 29 cases(33 eyes)of AS which were caused by various factors were performed strabotomy,in which sodium hyaluronate was poured into cap tenon space and /or around ocular muscles in which preserved after operation.Ocular movement was requested in 12～24 hours post-operation lest ocular muscles adhered to other tissues again.The main index we observed were the effectiveness of strabotomy and ocular movement.Results　All 33 eyes achieved good results:17 eyes(51.5%) were cured,26 eyes(78.8%) obtained distinct improvement(DI). The operative results have reference to the cause of adherent strabismus,period of muscular adherence and visual function post-operation.No complications were found.Conclusion　 Our observation support that sodium hyaluronate can prevent ocular muscles from re-adhering to other tissues around after strabotomy.Most of the patients can obtain better effects by this viscoelastic therapy.

Interventional radiology has lot of advantages in dealing with various emergencies. The technique is minimally-invasive,highly-effective and immediately-efficient,moreover,it integrates the diagnosis with the therapy perfectly. Besides,the interventional techniques applied in emergency medicine include not only the vascular interventions,such as embolization,embolectomy,etc,but also the nonvascular interventions,such as tracheal stent implantation,percutaneous vertebroplasty and so forth. However,importance has not been attached to the clinical use of interventional therapy in emergency medicine so far. It is imperative for us to promote the acceptance of interventional therapy in emergency medicine as well as to popularize the technique in clinical practice.

Objective To explore the drainage effect of drainage tube with different materials on the basis of a constant nega tive pressure drainage,and its impact on flap survival.Methods The most common clinical used Polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC)pipe,latex tubes,silicone tube drainage tubes,and flaps were compared at different phases of the drainage,to determine the best clinical flap with drainage material.After three groups of flaps were designed,including a constant negative pressure drainage device,without a constant negative pressure drainage system,and drainage alone (no negative pressure) drainage flap,the flap survival was observed at different phase space.Three different drainage drainage ways of the flap and the flap survival area of effect were statistically analyzed.Results The silicone tube drainage was more fully and effectively.Constant negative pressure drainage volume of liquid was up to the flap with drainage to the fullest,the highest rate of skin flap healing,and better healing.Conclusions The constant negative pressure in the drainage of the flap makes drainage more fully,and promotes rapid healing of wounds,while the silicone tube is suitable for flap drainage.

?AlM: To analyze the quantitative changes of anterior segment by Pentacam anterior segment system and to evaluate the safety and effectiveness after implantable collamer lens ( lCL) implantation for high myopia.
?METHODS:Twenty- one patients with 39 eyes were implanted lCL in our hospital from September 2011 to February 2013. The follow-up was 6 ~ 12mo. Central anterior chamber depth ( ACD ) , anterior chamber angle ( ACA) , anterior chamber volume ( ACV) were measured by Pentacam preoperatively, 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. The distance between crystal lens and lOL ( lCL- vault ) were measured at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. Preoperative uncollected visual activity ( pre - UCVA ) , best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) , postoperative uncorrected visual acuity ( post-UCVA) and intraocular pressure ( lOP) were recorded. The paired t-test was used to access the data preoperatively and postoperatively in the statistical way by using SPSS 18. 0 statistical software.
? RESULTS: Preoperatively, at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively, ACD were 3. 27±0. 22, 3. 02±0. 33, 2. 98±0. 31, and 2. 98±0. 32mm. ACA were (40. 39±5. 40)o, (26. 70±4. 47)o, (26. 96±4. 48)o, and (26. 95±4. 45)o. ACV were 207. 74±25. 43, 122. 87±17. 58, 128. 05±17. 84, and 128. 64±17. 50mm3 , respectively. There were statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative data in ACD, ACA, ACV (P<0. 05). The distances between crystal lens and lOL ( lCL-vault) were 0. 49±0. 13, 0. 46±0. 13, and 0. 46±0. 14 at 1wk, 1 and 6mo postoperatively. There were statistically significant difference between 1wk and the others (P<0. 05). There were statistically significant different between the preoperative BCVA and postoperative BCVA(P<0. 05). There was no contact between lOL and the crystal len. The anterior chamber angle was all open. There were no serious complications such as cataract, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, etc.
?CONCLUSlON:ACD, ACA, ACV by Pentacam anterior segment system are found to be decreased after the operation, but there is still a relative safe distance between lOL and the crystal len. lCL implantation is a safe, efficacy method in correcting high myopia, but the long-term effects will require further observation.