This article summarized some in vitro models of drug absorption,whose shortcomings and virtues were compared in order to be convenient for researchers to know and select optimal model.

Objective:To explore the etiology and drug resistance of the ICU ventilator-associated pneumonia.Methods: One hundred cases of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia received in our ICU room were selected; the pathologic examination results were retrospectively analyzed.Results: One hundred and thirty five bacteria were isolated from 100 cases of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, including 95 cases of Gram-negative bacilli(70.5%), 34 cases of Gram-positive cocci(25.1%) and 6 cases of fungi(4.4%); The resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae for cefazolin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were high; The resistance rate of Staphylococcus aureus for ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, cefazolin, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefoperazone/sulbactam and piperacillin were high.Conclusion: ICU ventilator-associated pneumonia pathogen was mainly Gram-negative bacteria, and showed multidrug resistance, imipenem and cefoperazone/sulbactam for most pathogens had better efficacy and worthy of clinical application.

Objective:To study the expression of p73? and its clinical significance in breast carcinoma.Methods:The expression of p73? was detected by immunohistochemistry in 41 breast carcinoma tissues,13 benign breast tumor tissues and 8 normal breast tissues.Results:The positive expression of p73? was found in 20/41(48.8%) of breast carcinoma tissues,1/13(7.7%)of benign breast tumor tissues,0/8(0)of normal breast tissues.The positive expression rate of p73? in breast carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in benign breast tumor tissues or normal breast tissues(P

Objective:To find a better way to protect the security and interests of vulnerable groups by exploring the problem of protecting the vulnerable groups in drug clinical trial from the perspectives of ethics committees,organization and researchers.Methods:According to the relevant literature and the actual situation of the hospital,this paper analyzed the security issues of vulnerable groups comprehensively.Results:Only the ethics committees,organization and researchers work together,can it protect the security and interests of vulnerable groups to the greatest extents.Conclusion:Further research on the security of vulnerable groups not only promotes the development of human health,but also plays a decisive role in improving the protection of subjects in drug clinical trial.

used at the primary-care settings in China to assess asthma control.

Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cerebro-vascular diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms of cerebrovascular diseases caused by postprandial hyperglycemia from aspects of postprandial hyperglycemia participating in the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and the relations between postprandial hyperglycemia and cerebrovascular diseases.

The new generation high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays have been used in clinic for nearly 5 years in China.In 2012,several new high-sensitivity assays have been approved to be used in clinic in other countries,and they are under inspection of Chinese Food and Drug Ddministration.Because the new generation assays' sensitivity is improved,acute coronary syndrome could have been diagnosed 2-3 hours earlier,and small cardiac injuries that could not be detected by previous assays are detectable now.But its advantages also bring challenges to doctors.Many doctors can't even use previous assays well.The clinical doctors and laloiatory stuffs need to comunicate and reach a consensus just like American doctors do before American food and drug administration approve it.

Current curriculum provision and teaching patterns of computer science in medical school has been far behind the requirements of clinical and research works, which restricted the develop-ment of medical talents to a large extent. According to the experiences of teaching practice,Department of Computer Science in Chongqing Medical University launched reform on medical computer science from aspects of teaching practice,curriculum provision,teaching methods and evaluation methods. Computer courses were opened according to students' computer knowledge and the profession. Task-based teaching and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed in order to improve the teaching quality.

Objective To observe the effect of lycopene on myocardial interstitial fibrosis and to explore the possible mechanisms involved.Methods Sprague-Dawley rat myocardial infarction (MI) model was established by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation.Established MI model rats received lycopene or saline.After 28 days,myocardial fibrosis was observed by Masson staining.The expressions of Ⅰ type collagen,matvix metalloproteina-ses-9 (MMP-9) and matrix metall opeptidaseg(MAPKs) protein were detected in the peri-infarcted zone by Western blotting.Results In MI group,collagen volume fraction (CVF) was increased and the protein expressions of collagen Ⅰ,P-p38 and MMP-9 were increased in the peri-infarcted zone as compared with the sham group [CVF:(21.68±4.63)％ vs.(8.21±2.17)％; collagen Ⅰ:(1.58±0.22) vs.(0.97±0.09); P-p38:(1.93±0.44) vs.(0.85±0.21); MMP-9:(4.85±0.47) vs.(1.03±0.59); all P＜0.05].Lycopene attenuated the increments of myocardial infarction-induced collagen Ⅰ,p38MAPK and MMP-9 expressions [collagen Ⅰ:(1.24 ± 0.24) vs.(1.58± 0.22) ; P-p38:(0.85 ± 0.21) vs.(1.93 ±0.44); MMP9:(1.77±0.28) vs.(4.85±0.47); all P＜0.05],and decreased the collagen volume fraction in the peri-infarcted zone [CVF:(15.17±2.56)％ vs.(21.68±4.63)％,P＜0.05] as compared with the MI group.Conclusions Lycopene may improve ventricular remodeling after MI by inhibiting p38MAPK signaling pathway and MMP-9 expression.