Abstract Long-term use of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease can cause motor complications, which seriously impair the patients'motor function, reduce the quality of life, and aggravate the functional disability. Since there has been no effective treatment for motor complications, clarifying the influencing factors and prevention methods are conducive to reducing the risk of incidence and improving the quality of life of the patients. This paper summarizes the types and mechanism of motor complications of Parkinson's disease, the influencing factors ( levodopa dose, onset age, Helicobacter pylori infection and high protein diet ) and preventive measures ( psychological intervention, low protein diet, rehabilitation exercise and drugs ), so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of the disease.

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanisms by which genistein and daidzein inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells.

METHODSLNCaP and PC-3 cells were exposed to genistein and daidzein and cell viability was determined by MTT assay and cytotoxicity of the drugs by LDH test. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to assess the cell cycle in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to examine the expression of PTEN gene (a tumor suppressor gene), estrogen receptor alpha gene (ERalpha), estrogen receptor beta gene (ERbeta), androgen receptor gene (AR) and vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF).

RESULTSThe viability of PC-3 and LNCaP cells decreased with increasing concentrations and exposure time of genistein and daidzein. Genistein increased G2/M phase cells in PC-3 cells while decreased S phase cells in LNCaP cells in a dose-dependent manner. Daidzein exerted no influence on the cell cycle of LNCaP and PC-3 cells, but the apoptosis percentage of LNCaP cells was elevated significantly by daidzein. Genistein induced the expression of PTEN gene in PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Daidzein induced the expression of PTEN gene in LNCaP but not in PC-3 cells. The expression of VEGF, ERalpha and ERbeta genes decreased and AR gene was not expressed after incubation with genistein and daidzein in PC-3 cells. In LNCaP cells, the expression of VEGF and AR gene decreased but there was no change in the expression of ERalpha and ERbeta gene after incubation with genistein and daidzein. Conclusion Genistein and daidzein exert a time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on PC-3 and LNCaP cells. The down-regulation of ER gene by daidzein influences the growth of PC-3 cells directly. The inhibition of PC-3 cells by genistein and that of LNCaP cells by genistein and daidzein may be via Akt pathway that is repressed by PTEN gene, which subsequently down-regulates the expression of AR and VEGF genes. Our results suggest that the expression of PTEN gene plays a key role and several pathways may be involved in the suppression of prostate cancer cells by genistein and daidzein.

Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; genetics ; metabolism ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genistein ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; pharmacology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Receptors, Androgen ; genetics ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; genetics ; metabolism

A novel chitinolytic and chitosanolytic bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. CJ-5, has been isolated and characterized. It secretes both chitinase and chitosanase into surrounding medium in response to chitin or chitosan induction. To characterize the enzymes, both chitinase and chitosanase were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated molecular masses of chitinase and chitosanase were 230 kDa and 45 kDa respectively. The optimum hydrolysis conditions for chitinase were about pH 7.0 and 36 degrees C, and these for chitosanase were pH 6.5 and 56 degrees C, respectively. Both enzymes were quite stable up to 45 degrees C for one hour at pH 5~8. These results show that CJ-5 may have potential for industrial application particularly in recycling of chitin wastes.
Chitinases ; metabolism ; Enzyme Stability ; Fermentation ; Glycoside Hydrolases ; metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Sphingomonas ; enzymology

OBJECTIVETo optimize the prescription dose of Mahuang decoction in a multi-target manner, in order to provide reference for the quantitative optimization of the prescription dose of the traditional Chinese medicine compound.

METHODThe number of diaphoretic spots in rats, the tracheal antispasmodic rate in guinea pigs and the writhing times by acetic acid in mice were taken as the indexes for evaluating the diaphoretic, antispasmodic and analgesic effects. According to the experimental results of the 16 orthogonal combination prescriptions, a mathematical dose-effect model was built by support vector regression (SVR) and quadratic response surface regression (RSR) respectively. The multi-target optimization was achieved by elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and entropy weight TOPSIS method.

RESULTThe optimal dose of Mahuang decoction after being optimized by SVR modeling contained 17.71 g of Ephedrae Herba, 9.57 g of Cinnamomi Ramulus, 11.75 g of Armeniacae Semen Amarum and 4.39 g of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle. The optimized result by RSR modeling contained 13.37 g of Ephedrae Herba, 11.61 g of Cinnamomi Ramulus, 11.98 g of Armeniacae Semen Amarum and 5.67 g of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparate Cum Melle. SVR was superior to RSR in both of the forecast capacity and optimization results.

CONCLUSIONSVR-NSGA-II-TOPSIS method could be adopted for the multi-target optimization for the dose of Mahuang decoction and other traditional Chinese medicine compounds. It is proved to be the optimal prescription with the best efficacy, and could provide scientific quantitative basis for determining the dose of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions and developing new traditional Chinese medicines.

Animals ; Cinnamomum ; chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Dosage Calculations ; Drug Prescriptions ; Ephedra ; chemistry ; Ephedra sinica ; chemistry ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Guinea Pigs ; Mice ; Rats

Objective To explore three nutritional support mode in early stage on curative effect and outcome in the severe patients with mechanical ventilation and provide references for the clinic.Methods A total of 90 patients with mechanical ventilation from February 2009 to December 2011 were randomly divided into group A,B and C with 30 cases in every group,and were recevied parenteral nutrition(PN),enteral nutrition(EN)and combined enteral and parenteral nutrition(CEPN),respectively.The nutrition indexes,the immune indexes and the level of plasma endotoxin were mensurated in the 1st day and the 7th day after mechanical ventilation.The complications and the condition changes were carefully observed.Results Among 90 cases,57 cases were successfully detached from the respirator,at early stage,25 cases died,32 cases had complicatinns.All the observation indexes including nitrogen balance,albumin,IgA,IgG,the level of plasma endotoxi,the cases with complication,and the cases detached from respirator were recorded in the 7th day after mechanical ventilation,group A(PN):(2.3±1.2)g/d,(30.6±2.7),(1.4±0.5),(7.8±2.1) g/L,(37.1 ±6.3) pg/ml,17 cases,13 cases; group B(EN):(4.2 ±0.5) g/d,(33.5 ±1.8),(2.5 ±0.3),(13.6 ±1.5) g/L,(49.7 ±7.3) pg/ml,9 cases,21 cases,group C(CEPN):(5.8 ±0.8) g/d,(35.8 ±1.7),(2.5 ± 0.2),(13.9±1.7) g/L,(50.3 ±7.1) pg/ml,23 cases,6 cases.The differences between all the observation indexes in group B and C were superior to group A,which showed statistically significant difference(P ＜0.05).The difference of nutrition indexes and the incidence of complication was statistically significant between group C and group B (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions EN combined with PN is an reasonable and effective nutrition support mode for patients with mechanical ventilation. It can improve the curative effects,and reduce the incidence of complication.

Objective To survey effective treatment strategies for cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). Methods The clinical data of 78 patients diagnosed with CSP from January 2010 to December 2013 were reviewed. Results Among these patients, 17 patients were first treated at our hospital; of them, 2 were misdiagnosed. The other 61 patients were referred from other hospitals; of them, 21 were initially misdiagnosed. There were 9 patients who were treated with laparotomy, 50 patients with curettage after uterine artery embolization (UAE) with or without local methotrexate (MTX) infusion, 10 patients with dilatation and curettage, 6 patients with transvaginal sonographic guided local intragestational MTX injection, and 3 patients with systemic MTX injection. All patients finally recovered. Patients with excessive vaginal hemorrhage underwent either emergency UAE treatment or laparotomy. These two treatments had similar success rates (81.82%vs. 100%,χ2=0.289,P>0.05). Conclusions The accurate diagnosis of CSP is important. Curettage after UAE with or without local MTX infusion is a safe and effective method.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of genes (CYP17, CYP19 and SULT1A1) involved in estrogen metabolism and susceptibility to breast cancer in Chinese women.

METHODSA case-control study was performed. PCR-base restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) assays were used to detect the polymorphism distribution of CYP17, CYP19 and SULT1A1 in 213 breast cancer cases and 430 matched controls. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the OR, multivariate adjusted OR and 95% CI of each and all three genes and estrogen exposure factors on the risk of breast cancer. Relationship between polymorphisms and clinic-pathological features was also assessed.

RESULTSThe frequency of A2 allele of CYP17 was 49.8% in cases and 49.1% in controls (P > 0.05). The frequency His allele of SULT1A1 in cases (13.6%) was significant higher than that of controls (9.5%) (P = 0.03). There was also significant difference in the frequencies of (TTTA)10 allele CYP19 which was 12.4% in cases and 8.2% in controls (P = 0.02). Multigenic model indicated that there was an increased risk of breast cancer with more numbers of high-risk genotypes in a dose-response effect (trend P = 0.05). Data from multivariate analysis showed that the allele of SULT1A1 His and CYP19 (TTTA)10 was positively associated with the risk of breast cancer. Other well-established risk factors as higher estrogen exposure including total years of menstrual, early menarche etc, and women with a higher BMI and WHR were all served as independent risks.

CONCLUSIONThis study indicated that the polymorphisms of estrogen-metabolizing genes were related to breast cancer.

Aromatase ; genetics ; Arylsulfotransferase ; genetics ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase ; genetics

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of two-dimensional oral care for patients with mechanical ventilation by orotracheal intubation,and improve the quality of oral care.Methods Seventy inpatients with mechanical ventilation by orotracheal intubation from Feb 2011 to Jul 2012 in ICU were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (n ＝ 35) and control group (n ＝ 35).Experimental group was given two-dimensional oral care (oral swab just one time before intubation,and brush teeth and suction three times a day after intubation).Control group was given traditional oral care three times a day.Throat swab specimens were gathered for bacterial colony counts before intubation,and in 4 h,12 h,24 h,48 h after intubation,respectively.Bacteria quantitative culture was performed in sputum specimens and in throat swab specimens (one time per three days) after intubation.Oropharyngeal bacteria change and the incidence rate of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) were observed.Results Among all 70 patients,61 cases were valid,15 cases had VAP,and 8 cases died.In the experimental group,31 were valid,4 had VAP and 3 died,while in the control group,30 were valid,11 had VAP and 5 died.The difference of the incidence rate of VAP was statistically significant (x2 ＝ 4.643,P ＝ 0.040) and the difference of the incidence rate of death was not statistically significant (x2 ＝ 0.654,P ＝ 0.473).The difference of oropharyngeal bacterial colony counts had no statistical significance between two groups before intubation (t ＝-0.563,P ＝ 0.589),while the difference of oropharyngeal bacterial colony counts had statistical significance between groups in 4 h,12 h,24 h,48 h after intubation (t＝1.957,-2.520,-3.560,-2.165,respectively; P＜0.05).Conclusions Two-dimensional oral care can effectively reduce oropharyngeal bacterial colony,and decrease the incidence rate of VAP for patients with mechanical ventilation by orotracheal intubation.Thus it is a better nursing method to improve oral care quality.

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of Shenxiong injection on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury of senile rats.

METHODTotally 108 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group, the model group, the Ni-modipine group and Shenxiong injection groups (low, middle, and high doses). The rat brain ischemia-reperfusion model was established by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method in rats, in order to observe the effect of Shenxiong injection on neurological score and brain infarct volume of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and determine the contents of NOS, NO, SOD, MDA and LDH in brain tissues. The contents of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in brain tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.

RESULTShenxiong injection could significantly decrease neurological score, injury degree of brain tissues and brain infarct volume of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, increase the vigor of SOD, decrease the levels of MDA, NO, NOS and LDH, and inhibit IL-1beta and TNF-alpha expressions.

CONCLUSIONShenxiong injection has the obvious protective effect on the brain ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Its mechanism may be related to the improvement of neurological function, the reduction of free radical injury, and the inhibition of inflammation factor expression.

Animals ; Brain ; blood supply ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Brain Ischemia ; complications ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Injections ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; complications ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Adult ; Age Factors ; Athletic Injuries ; epidemiology ; Blood Group Antigens ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel ; education ; statistics & numerical data ; Physical Education and Training