Objective:To investigate the effects of Leflunomide and Azathioprine on serum chemokine cx3cl1(fractalkine), cathepsin S and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1)in elderly patients with lupus nephritis.Methods:Sixty elderly patients with lupus nephritis admitted to our hospital from January 2017 to July 2019 were selected as the research objects.Patients were divided into two groups by using a random number table method: the Leflunomide group(treated with Leflunomide plus conventional treatment)and the Azathioprine group(treated with azathioprine plus conventional treatment)(n=30, each group). Serum levels of fractalkine and cathepsin S and urine VCAM-1 level before and 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment were measured in the two groups and statistically analyzed.Results:In both groups, serum fractalkine levels were decreased after versus before treatment( F=123.029 and 99.041 respectively, P=0.000). At 6 months after treatment, serum fractalkine level was lower in the leflunomide group(2.34±0.95)μg/L than in the Azathioprine group(2.97±1.01)μg/L( t=2.489, P=0.016). Serum cathepsin S levels were decreased in both groups after treatment( F=106.733 and 64.928, P=0.000). Serum cathepsin S levels were lower in the Leflunomide group that in the azathioprine group at 6 and 9 months after treatment[(24.31±3.15)μg/L vs.(26.92±4.02)μg/L, (21.72±2.67)μg/L vs.(23.89±2.75)μg/L, t=2.799 and 3.101, P=0.007 and 0.003]. After treatment, urinary VCAM-1 levels were decreased in both two treatment groups( F=907.450 and 858.114, P=0.000). At 6 months after treatment, urine VCAM-1 level was lower in the Leflunomide group than in the Azathioprine group[(74.36±9.17)μg/L Cr vs.(86.91±9.22)μg/L Cr, t=5.286, P=0.000)]. The incidences of adverse reactions were low in the two groups, and the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions:Leflunomide and Azathioprine can effectively reduce serum levels of fractalkine and cathepsin S and urinary VCAM-1 in elderly patients with lupus nephritis, which suggests that Leflunomide and Azathioprine have similar effects in inhibiting inflammatory reaction, cell matrix degradation and remodeling and vascular cell adhesion.But at early stage of therapy, the effect of Leflunomide was better than that of Azathioprine.And two drugs can be selected according to the specific clinical situation.

In recent years,the studies have shown that the incidence of type 1 diabetes(T1D)is closely related to the infection of human enteroviruses,particularly Coxsackie B Viruses(CVB).On one hand.the researches show that vires infection can induce T1D,and it is associated with the viral amount.the viral strain,and the host microenvironment.On the other hand,the studies confirm that viral infection also can inhibit the incidence of T1D.In terms of the factors,which is related to the vires infection-inducing.T1D.and the possible mechanism of the virus infection-inhibiting-T1D,the article aims to explore the relationship between CVB infection and the incidence of T1D based on referring to foreign literatures in recent years.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Models, Biological ; Population Surveillance ; methods

As an emergent attack,dyspnea can be caused by a variety of diseases,therefore,it is difficult and important as to the differential diagnosis in clinical practice.In the past,Physicians identified the cause of dyspnea primarily based on the clinical symptoms,signs and laboratory tests.However,dyspnea often misdiagnosed because the similarity and overlapping of clinical manifestations among many different diseases and lack of specificity for those conventional lab tests.Until recently,B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has emerged as a highly sensitive and specific index to identify heart failure,and has made it reality that rapid and accurate differential diagnosis of dyspnea in the lab.In the last couple of years,the differential diagnosis of dyspnea has been remarkably improved because of the increasing new test reagents,advanced devices and better assay techniques.The present article will review the laboratory differential diagnosis of dyspnea between cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.

Since recent years, the incidence of precocious puberty has been rising. However, questions regarding its treatment and other conditions remain. This article reviews recent published papers with long-term outcome data and guidelines, and systemical introduction to identification of precocious puberty, different treatment options, therapeutic goals, and indications for different types of diseases, as well as adverse effects of drugs.

This article reviews the long-term outcome data and guidelines up to date, and systemically reviews the effect of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption, the major effective component in deep-sea fish oil, on metabolic syndrome, including improvements in abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, etc. Its adverse effects are also commented.

Objective: To develop an uncertainty evaluation method for the determination of Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Cu in Glycyrrhiza by ICP-MS.Methods: The contents of Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Cu in Glycyrrhiza were determined by ICP-MS.The determination process was analyzed to identify the source of uncertainty and the combined uncertainty was calculated.Results: The expanded uncertainty of Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Cu in Glycyrrhiza was 0.114 2, 0.046 2, 0.069 6, 0.029 2 and 1.061 8 mg·kg-1, respectively.Conclusion: The more reliable measurement results can be obtained when the measure is optimized by magnitude analysis of all standard uncertainty.The method is applicable in the uncertainty evaluation of the determination of heavy metals in Glycyrrhiza.It provides important reference for such uncertainty evaluation.

Benign familial hematuria,also called thin basement membrane nephropathy,is caused by a heterozygous mutation in the COL4A3 or COL4A4 gene.The prognosis of the patients with benign familial hematuria,who present isolated hematuria without associated with proteinuria and normal renal function,is good in childhood.However,the prognosis of part of the patients with benign familial hematuria,who appear proteinuria,hypertension,chronic renal failure and end-stage kidney disease,is poor in adulthood.Therefore,the patients with benign familial hematuria should be carried on the long-term follow-up,and may be reviewed every 1-2 years for hypertension,proteinuria,and renal impairment.Treatment for benign familial hematuria should include an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to delay the onset of renal failure.

Endogenous NO and CO have been identified in the recent years as signaling molecules and act as the messengers in the body . Both of them have identical characteristics in the mechanism of production and action. Many evidences indicated that NO and CO play important roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the prostate. This review highlights the current ideas on localization and function of them in the prostate. We also discussed the relationship between the gaseous messengers and the prostatic diseases.

This paper introduced the medical device classification in China and USA. Through the comparison between the two systems, several problems in Chinese classification system were exposed. To the end, some suggestions were proposed referred to the classification system of USA.
China ; Device Approval ; standards ; Equipment and Supplies ; classification ; United States