AIM: To study the changes of the sphingomylinase activity and ceramide content in rabbit aorta of experimental atherosclerosis and investigate the effects of emodin on them. METHODS: The qualified rabbits were fed with food containing 1% cholesterol and 5% lard for 10 weeks to establish the animal models. The concentration of cholesterol (TC) was assayed by a enzyme method. Trace-fast-test method was used to test the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and motified-BAMuGuoFu methods was employed to assay the content of myocardial malondialdehyde (MDA). Radiolabeled-enzyme-tracing was used to detect the activity of the sphingomyelinase,and thin-layered scanning was conducted to analyze the content of the ceramide in aorta. RESULTS: The ceramide content in aorta and the sphingomyelinase activity were markedly increased in the rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. The increase was positively correlated with the content of TC and MDA and negatively correlated with the activity of SOD in blood. Compared to the model animals, emodin at concentration of 5 mg?kg -1 , 10 mg?kg -1 and 20 mg?kg -1 respectively reduced the area of plague on endothelium in rabbit's aortic artery and elevated the activity of SOD (P

BACKGROUND: It is reported that ceramide signal pathway may play an important role in the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cell and then lead to the progress of atherosclerosis, such as the formation of foam cells and the proliferation of smooth muscular cells.OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of the sphingomylinase activity and ceramide content in aorta of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis and investigate the regulative effects and mechanism of emodin on them as compared with positive fenofibrate.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled design.SETTING: Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Sun Yat-sen University.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed at the Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Sun Yat-sen University from July to December 2003. Totally 48 New Zealand male rabbits were selected. Forty animal models of atherosclerosis were made with high cholesterol feed, and the other 8 rabbits were selected as the normal controls. Model animals were divided randomly into model group, 5 mg/kg emodin group, 10 mg/kg emodin group, 20 mg/kg emodin group and 25mg/kg fenofibrate group with 8 in each group.METHODS: At the seventh weeks of model duplication, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg emodin were perfused in rabbits of emodin groups respectively, and 25 mg/kg fenofibrate was perfused in rabbits of fenofibrate group. Emodin and fenofibrate were diluted or suspensed with 2 mL saline once per day respectively. Rabbits in normal control group and model group were administrated with the same volume of saline for 4 weeks. The rabbits were raised separately and were fed with 135-150 g food per day.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: [1] The area of the lipid plaque in aortal intima; [2] the content of serum TC and TG; [3] SOD activity and MDA content; [4] SMase activity and CER content in aorta.RESULTS: Totally 48 rabbits entered the final analysis. [1] Area of the lipid plaque: Area of the lipid plaque was (48.87±15.5) % in the model group, which was larger than that in each emodin group (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01),especially larger than that in the 10 mg/kg emodin group (22.19±12.9)%while that in the fenofibrate group was similar to that in the model group (P ＞ 0.05). [2] Content of serum TC and TG: The anrtal intima of control was smooth. Content of serum TC and TG in each emodin group were similar to those in the model group (P ＞ 0.05), but those in the 25 mg/kg fenofibrate group were lower than those in the model group (P ＜ 0.05). [3]Content of SOD and MDA in plasma: SOD activity of rabbits in each emodin group was higher than that in the model group (P ＜ 0.05, P ＜ 0.01),but the MDA activity in the 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg emodin group was lower than that in the model group (P ＜ 0.05). The MDA activity in the25 mg/kg fenofibrate group was similar to that in the model group (P ＞ 0.05).[4] Content of SMase and CER: Those in the model group were higher than those in the normal control group, but those in the 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg emodin groups were lower than those in the model group; those in the 25 mg/kgfenofibrate group were similar to those in the model group (P ＞ 0.05). [5]Analysis of correlation: Content of SMase was in positive relation with blood cholesterol (r=0.542, P ＜ 0.01), in positive relation with blood MDA (r=0.789, P ＞ 0.01), and in negative relation with blood SOD(r=-0.936, P ＞ 0.01); content of CER was in positive relation with blood cholesterol (r=0.433, P ＞ 0.05), in positive relation with blood MDA (r=0.673, P ＞ 0.01), and in negative relation with blood SOD (r=-0.876, P ＞ 0.01).CONCLUSION: The study finds that emodin, despite its insignificant effects on decreasing TG or TC, can protect vascular endothelial cells and reduce the area of lipid-laden plague of aortal intima by antioxidation, inhibition of the sphingomyelinase activity and reduction of the content of ceramide. It is suggested that moderate dosage of emodin employed in the study may be most appropriate to atherosclerosis treatment.

Objective To study the relation of esophageal motility and acid reflux between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with and without esophageal injury.Methods A total of 25 patients who met the GERD diagnosis criteria were conducted esophageal-gastric-duodenal endoscopy examination and followed with high-resolution esophageal manometry.The changes of esophageal pH postprandial were also detected.The differences of esophageal motility and acid reflux time between GERD patients with and without esophageal injury were compared.Patients were divided into non-acid reflux group and acid reflux group according to DeMeester score.The changes of esophageal motility indexes of these two groups were compared.Wilcoxon test and t test were used for statistical analysis.Results There was no significant difference in baseline value of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure,remained LES pressure,speed of the esophageal peristalsis,the time of esophageal pH＜4 and DeMeester score between groups with and without esophageal injury (all P＞0.05).But esophageal contraction amplitude of group with esophageal injury was lower than that of group without esophageal injury (31.9 mm Hg vs 64.2 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,Z=-2.37,P=0.02).There was no significant difference in baseline value of LES pressure,remained LES pressure,speed of the esophageal peristalsis between acid reflux group and non acid reflux group (all P＞0.05).But the esophageal contraction amplitude of acid reflux group was lower than that of non acid reflux group (36.4 mm Hg vs 71.8 mm Hg,Z=-2.25,P=0.02).Conclusions There was no significant correlation between the LES pressure and esophageal acid reflux with esophageal injury in GERD patients.Esophageal peristalic contraction may be associated with esophageal injury and acid reflux.

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of Tim-4 on invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms. Methods：The expression levels of Tim-4 in cervical cancer cell lines Siha, Hela and cervical epithelial immortalized cell line H8 were detected by Real-time PCR. The Tim-4 lentiviral vector was transfected into Siha cell line. The over-expression of Tim-4 in Siha cell line was detected by fluorescence microscopy. The effects of Tim-4 on the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cell line were detected by Transwell and scratches methods. The changes of MMP2, MMP9, E-cadherin and N-cadherin in Siha cells were detected by Western blotting. Results：The expression of Tim-4 was higher in Siha and Hela cell lines compared to that in the H8 cell line. The Siha cell line burdening Tim-4 lentiviral vector was successfully constructed. Over-expression of Tim-4 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cell line, and affected the expression of MMP2, MMP9, N-cadherin and E-cadherin. Conclusion：Over-expression of Tim-4 promotes the invasion and migration by regulating the EMT transformation in cervical cell carcinoma.

Objective: To analyze the clinical and genetic features of patients with mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency (MPYCD). Methods: This was a case series research. The clinical data, genetic characteristics, and glutamine treatment efficacy of 3 patients diagnosed with MPYCD at the Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University and Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, from August 2019 to June 2023 were retrospectively collected. A literature search with "MPC1 gene" "MPC2 gene and" "mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency" as keywords was conducted at the Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed (up to June 2023). Clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with MPYCD were summarized. Results: Case 1 was a 3 years and 11 months old boy, while case 2 was a 4 years and 10 months old boy and case 3 was an 8 years and 9 months old girl. Case 2 and case 3 were siblings from one consanguineous family. All 3 patients presented with general developmental delay, growth failure and elevated serum lactate. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed subtle bilateral symmetrical T2 signal hyperintensity in basal ganglia and thalamus in case 1, but normal in case 2 and 3. Trio-WES revealed case 1 harboring compound heterozygous missense variants c.208G>A (p.Ala70Thr) and c.290G>A (p.Arg97Gln) in MPC1 gene, while case 2 and 3 revealed a homozygous variant c.290G>A (p.Arg97Gln) in the same gene. All 3 cases were diagnosecl as MPYCD. Clinical symptoms including motor ability, cognition and activity endurance were improved in these 3 patients after taking glutamine for 2 years. A total of 5 articles published in English were reviewed, and no Chinese literature was found. Including these 3 cases, 15 cases were enrolled for analysis. Eleven patients carried MPC1 gene variants and 4 cases carried MPC2 gene variants. Except for 3 cases died during prenatal period, 9 of 12 enrolled born cases were onset before 6 months old. The most common clinical symptoms were mental and motor general developmental delay, microcephaly, growth failure and hypotonia. All patients had elevated blood lactate and pyruvate, but the ratio of lactate/pyruvate was normal. Seven patients performed cranial MRI, 3 exhibited non-specific changes, 2 showed bilateral symmetrical T2 signal hyperintensity in basal ganglia and thalamus, and 3 were normal. A total of 5 MPC1 gene missense variants and 2 MPC2 gene variants were identified in 15 cases. Conclusions: Onset age of patients with MPYCD is usually within 6 months. The main clinical characteristics are developmental delay, microcephaly and growth failure, accompanied by increased serum lactate and pyruvate. Glutamine supplement could lead to clinical improvements.
Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Glutamine ; Lactates ; Microcephaly ; Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters ; Pyruvates ; Retrospective Studies ; Child, Preschool

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of preoperative ¹⁸F-Fludeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT) in lymphatic metastasis diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma on extremities and trunk. Methods: 112 patients with cutaneous melanoma pathologically of extremities and trunk from January 2006 to December 2016, who received ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT examination preoperatively, were retrospectively reviewed. The correlations between the maximal diameters of lymph nodes, the maximal standard uptake value (SUV) and the diagnostic impression grades of PET-CT examination, and the final pathological diagnosis were analyzed. The correlations between Breslow thickness of primary lesions and the diagnostic impression of PET-CT examination were also analyzed. All the above were analyzed with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to get the cut-off value. Based on the final results of pathological diagnosis of lymph nodes as the golden standard, the statistically significant indicators of ROC curve analysis were used to evaluate the diagnostic effect, as well as to calculate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. With gender, age, maximal diameter of lymph nodes, maximal SUV, diagnosis impressions, and Breslow thickness as the independent variables and pathological diagnosis results of lymph nodes as the dependent variable, two-class stepwise Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independence of diagnostic indicators. ROC curve analysis and log rank test were used to analyze the relationship between Breslow thickness and patient survival. Results: To evaluate melanoma patients′ lymph node status, the results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of lymph node maximal diameter, maximal SUV, diagnosis impression of PET-CT examinations were 0.789, 0.786 and 0.816, respectively (all P<0.05). The cut-off values were 0.85 cm, 1.45 and 2.5, respectively. The sensitivity of the cut-off values to determine the status of lymph nodes in melanoma patients were 71.4%, 64.9% and 72.1% respectively, and the specificities were 85.2%, 88.7% and 87.0% respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that PET-CT diagnosis impressions had independent diagnostic significance for the lymph node status of melanoma patients (OR=11.296, 95%CI: 2.550~50.033). The area under the curve of Breslow thickness evaluating PET-CT diagnostic impression is 0.664 (P=0.042) and the cut-off value was 4.25 mm. The survival rate of the patients with Breslow thickness ≥ 4.25 mm was lower than that in the group <4.25 mm (P=0.006). Conclusions ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT can help to evaluate metastases and make treatment decisions for cutaneous melanoma of extremities and trunk, especially for patients whose primary lesion′s Breslow thickness has reached more than 4.25 mm. For the patients whose maximal SUV of regional lymph node is higher than 1.45 and short diameter of the largest lymph node is larger than 0.85cm, the possibility of metastases should be considered.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and prognostic factors of comprehensive treatment of undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma (UHGPS) in extremities and trunk, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis and follow-up of 131 UHGPS cases with clinical stage Ⅱ or Ⅲ in extremities and trunk soft tissue was performed to analyze the prognostic factors. Survival data were collected through follow-up. The survival rate was calculated with life table method and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were drawn. Survival rate between the two groups was compared using Log rank test. The multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression model. Results: The median survival time of 131 patients was 41.6 months. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 95.0%, 82.0%, and 77.0%, respectively. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 81.0%, and the 5-year metastasis-free survival rate was 72.0%. Univariate analysis showed that the tumor size, initial or recurrence, surgical margin, AJCC stage, and with/without standard treatment were associated with overall survival (all P<0.05). Stratification analysis according to the American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) stage showed that 5-year survival rate of stage Ⅱ patients with radiotherapy was 100.0%, which was higher than that of patients without radiotherapy (79.6%) and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.010); but no statistical significance of radiotherapy for stage Ⅲ and chemotherapy for stage Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients (all P>0.05). The multivariate analysis showed surgical margin (HR=4.220, P=0.002), with/without standard treatment (HR=4.040, P=0.030) were independent risk factors associated with prognosis of UHGPS patients. Conclusions For UHGPS with stage Ⅱ or stage Ⅲ in extremities and trunk soft tissue, patients with complete resection and standard treatment have improved prognosis. Therefore, standard treatment, including extensive resection for the first surgery, should be performed according to expert consensus in order to increase the long-term survival rate. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be performed for stage Ⅱ patients.

Prostate cancer (PCa) patients who progress to metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC) mostly have poor outcomes due to the lack of effective therapies. Our recent study established the orphan nuclear receptor ROR