Carcinoma ; classification ; pathology ; Consensus ; Humans ; Thymoma ; classification ; pathology ; Thymus Neoplasms ; classification ; pathology ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND:Fibroblast growth factor can promote proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).grew along the wall.However,there are few reports on the differentiation of MSCs into hepatocytes following fibroblast growth factor induction.When mass concentration of hepatocyte growth factor was 1 μg/L,it can promote mitosis of hepatocytes,and is the strongest mitogenic agent for normal hepatocytes.OBJECTIVE:To explore the biological characteristics of human umbilical cord MSCs/n vitro and their differentiation ability to hepatocyte-like cells under the induction of chemical factors.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:The cytological in vitro study was conducted at the Institute of Blood,Jinan University from August 2008 to April 2009.MATERIALS:Umbilical cord was obtained from healthy full-term fetus,which was provided by the Guangzhou Huaqiao Hospital.The parturient signed informed consent.Hepatocyte growth factor and flbroblast growth factor were bought from Peprotech,USA.METHODS:The MSCs from human cord were isolated and cultured by type Ⅳ colagenase digestion+differential adherence.At the third passage,MSCs received cell surface antigen analysis and cell cycle determination to detect their ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts.At the fifth passage,MSCs were adjusted into 5×10~9/L and assigned into 2 groups.BMSCs in the control group were incubated in DMEM/F12 containing 5% fetal bovine serum.BMSCs in the induction group were treated with above-mentioned medium supplemented with 20 μg/L hepatocyte growth factor and 10 μg/L flbroblast growth factor.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The following parameters were measured:biological characteristics of human umbilical cord MSCs and differentiation of human umbilical cord MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro.RESULTS:At the third passage,MSCs derived from human cord expressed CD29,CD44,CD105,but not antigens of hematopoietic CD34,CD45,and 92.2% of them were in G_0/G_1 phase.Oil red O staining showed cytoplasm presented red granules.Alkaline phosphatase staining demonstrated that cytoplasm was black,with the differentiation ability into adipocytes and osteoblasts.Following 10 days of combined induction of hepstocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor,RT-PCR and Western blot results confirmed that cells expressed alpha fetoprotein and albumin.Negative expression was found in the control group.CONCLUSION:Human umbilical cord contained plenty of MSCs,with strong potential of multi-differentiation.Umbilical cord MSCs can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells following combined induction of hepatocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor.

Alginate fiber is prepared by wet spinning method.The preparation process of alginate fiber is:dissolution,filtration,deaeration,figuration,stretching,washing,drying and convoluting.At present,one of thebiodegradable fibers studied the most is alginate fiber.The material,principle and producing technology of alginatefibers are introduced in this article and its application in wound dressings are underlined.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas is a type of biliary epithelial cell carcinoma.Hepatolithiasis,viral hepatitis,primary sclerosing cholangitis,Caroli disease,parasitic infections are its risk factors.In recent years,the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas is gradually increased.Ultrasound,CT,MRI can be used to diagnose.The main way to treat intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas is comprehensive treatment based on liver resection.There is still some controversy in liver transplantation.Adjuvant therapy will play a more and more important role in patients who unable to accept surgery.

Assessment of salivary gland function plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland disease.Currently,there are several ways to evaluate the salivary gland function including sialography,salivary gland flowmetry,radionuclide imaging,ultrasonography Doppler and MRI.The pros and cons of these different methods were reviewed and analysed.Nowadays,sialography and salivary gland flowmetry are less commonly used clinically.Doppler can be used for screening of salivary gland diseases.Radionuclide imaging is the clinically preferred method,and MRI is one of the most rapidly developing methods for the evaluation of salivary gland function.Proper selection of these methods can provide valuable information for the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland diseases.

Through a series of immune evasion mechanisms,tumor cells can evade immune attack and breed wantonly in human body.In recent years,with the rapid development of oncology,immunology and molecular biology and other related disciplines,immunology treatment method which can effectively kill tumor cells and have fewer side effects draws more and more attention,while the immunotherapy method is different in therapeutic evaluation from the general treatment of solid tumors due to its special feature.This article briefly introduces the latest progress of tumor immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the detection value of the positive rate of MP-IgM in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP).Methods 80 HSP patients were chosen as the research subjects (the observation group),the other 40 healthy children were chosen as research subjects(the control group).The positive rate of MP-IgM,and positive changes in immune function of children with HSP combined with MP-IgM were analyzed in two groups.Results 32 cases were MP-IgM positive in the observation group,the positive rate was 40％.The MP-IgM positive rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P ＜0.05).The percentage of CD4+ in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group,the percentage of CD8+ was significantly higher than that in the control group,CD4+/CD8+ was significantly lower than that in the control group,NK was significantly lower than that in the control group(P ＜0.05).The percentage of CD8+ in MP-IgM positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group,the percentage of CD4+/CD8+ was significantly lower than that in the negative group,the percentage of NK was significantly lower than that in the negative group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion MP infection is an important cause of HSP,it can aggravate the immune dysfunction and play an important role in the occurrence and development of HSP.

Natural killer group 2,member D (NKG2D) is a C-typelectin-like activating receptors on natural killer cells surface. NKG2D engaging with the ligands on tumor cells surface can eliminate tumor cells. However,there must exist immune escape mechanisms in tumor mice and cancer patients. Recently, molecular biological techniques are used to regulate the expression of the receptors and ligands to break the immune evasion.

Objective To observe the effect of omeprazole or famotidine combined with itopride in the treatment of reflux esophagitis.Methods 86 patients with reflux esophagitis were randomly divided into two groups,which group A with 43 eases was treated with omeprazole combined with itopride,and group B with 43 cases was treated with famotidine combined with itopride.The clinical effect and main symptoms were observed and compared.Results The total effective rate in group A was 91.3％,significantly higher than that of group B ( 71.4％ ) ( x2 =5.460,P ＜0.05 ).After treatment,the scores of heartburn,acid reflux and chest pain were significantly decreased ( all P ＜ 0.05 )in both two groups.Moreover,the scores of heartburn,acid reflux and chest pain in group A after treatment were significantly lower than those of group B ( all P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Omeprazole combined with itopride in the treatment of reflux esophagitis is better than famotidine combined with itopride.

Small molecule antibodies are naturally existed and well functioned but not structurally related to the conventional antibodies. They are only composed of heavy protein chains or light chains, much smaller than common antibody. The first small molecule antibody, called Nanobody was engineered from heavy-chain antibodies found in camelids. Cartilaginous fishes also have heavy-chain antibodies (IgNAR, "immunoglobulin new antigen receptor"), from which single-domain antibodies called Vnar fragments can be obtained. In addition, free light chain (FLC) antibodies in human bodies are being developed as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Comparing to intact antibodies, common advantages of small molecule antibodies are with better solubility, tissue penetration, stability towards heat and enzymes, and comparatively low production costs. This article reviews the structural characteristics and mechanism of action of the Nanobody, IgNAR and FLC.