With the development of automated quantitative detection of serum hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg) , HBsAg quantification is becoming increasingly important in management of chronic HBV infections.Studies have shown that HBsAg quantification together with HBV DNA load may be used to monitor the natural history of chronic HBV infection as well as to predict the clinical outcome of interferon treatment.However, there is no consensus on the clinical use of HBsAg quantification for evaluating patients′responses to nucleos( t) ide analogues therapy.This paper reviews the up-to-date clinical studies on the clinical significance of HBsAg quantification in management of chronic HBV infection.

Histone acetyltransferases(HATs) faciliate histone acetylation and histone deacetylases(HDACs) serve to remove acetyl groups from histones.The activation and repression of gene expression can be regulated by the acetylation of histone or specific genes.It is certified that acetylation of related genes is down-regulated in diabetic retinopathy,retinal ischemia-reperfusion,degenerative retinopathy,infective retinopathy and retinal tumors,which results in cell apoptosis and retinal dysfunction.So the physiology and pathology of retina have a close relation.The effects of histone acetylation and deacetylases on retinal diseases are still studying because of the complexity and diversity of genetic modification io epigenetic inheritance.This article reviewed the classification of HATs and HDACs and their inhibitors,their effects and function,their relationship to retinopathy,and discuss the protection of their inhibitors to retina.

Surgery has remained the mainstay of treatment of rectal cancer but due to high local recurrence rates,adjuvant chemoradiation has become standard practice for advanced rectal cancer.In 1990,postoperative chemoradiation has been established by NCI based on the results of GITSG,NCCTG and intergroup studies.However,the German CAO/ARO/AIO 94 study showed that preoperative chemoradition is better than postoperative in terms of local control and acute toxicity.The 5-year cumulative incidence of local relapse was lower in patients assigned to pre-operative chemoradiation vs postoperative treatment Grade 3 or 4 acute toxic effects occurred in 27% of patients in pre-op group vs 40% in post-op group.The corresponding rates of long-term toxic effects were 14% and 24%,respectively.Preoperative chemoradiation has been the trend of treatment of advanced rectal cancer.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of early diabetic nephropathy treated with Fufang-Xueshuantong capsule. Methods 90 hospitalized patients from September 2011 to October 2012 with early diabetic nephropathy were recruited in Shangqiu First people's hospital endocrinology of Henan Province. All patients were divided into two groups randomly, with 45 patients in each group. The control group was treated with diabetes education, blood glucose control, blood pressure control, and blood lipid regulation, while the treatment group was treated with Fufang-Xueshantong capsule on the basis of the control group. The change of blood glucose, HbA1c, urine microalbumin, and Ualb/Cr were measured before and 12 weeks after the treatment. Results ① Compared the urine microalbumin, Ualb/Cr of the two groups before and after treatment:the urine microalbumin, Ualb/Cr of the two groups after the treatment [Treatment group was(24.5±9.1)mg/L,(2.4± 1.6)mg/mmol, Control group was(85.9±8.6)mg/L,(5.6±2.1)mg/mmol] were significantly reduced than before the treatment (P<0.01 or 0.05)[Treatment group was (142.5±20.8)mg/L, (27.1±5.3)mg/mmol, Control group was (141.6±21.6)mg/L, (26.3±5.64)mg/mmol], while the effect of treatment group was better than control group(P<0.05). ② Compared the FBG, 2 hBG, HbA1c of the two groups before and after treatment:After treatment the level of FBG, 2 hBG, HbA1c of the two groups [Treatment group was(5.58±1.57)mmol/L,(7.82±2.43)mmol/L, (7.01± 1.22)%, Control group was(5.67 ± 1.46)mmol/L,(7.71 ± 2.59)mmol/L,(6.83 ± 2.31)%]were also reduced than before(P<0.05). [Treatment group was (8.69±1.59)mmol/L,(12.79±2.50)mmol/L,(9.91±1.98)%, Control group was(8.72±1.56)mmol/L, (12.86±2.25)mmol/L,(9.89±2.03)%], but there was no statistically difference between the groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Fufang-Xueshuantong capsule had good effect in treating early diabetic nephropathy, it can also delay the progress of renal damage.

Objective: To study the factors affecting amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of Carthamus tinctorins L. genome, and to develop and optimize the AFLP reaction system, laying a foundation for Marker-assisted breeding of Carthamus tinctorins L.. Methods: Cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (CTAB) method was used to extract the genomic DNA of Carthamus tinctorins L., whose concentration and purity were determined by UV spectrophotometry. The genomic DNA was digested by restricted enzyme and ligated with one-step method or two-step method so as to find out which one is more suitable. Then the products were prepared with different dilution multiples (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) for pre-amplification and with different concentrations of gradients (10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200) for selected amplification. Then they were subjected to PAGE electrophoresis and silver-staining after denaturing at 95°C for 8 min. Results: The AFLP reaction system for Carthamus tinctorins L. genome included the following steps: the genomic DNA was precipitated with alcohol by CTAB method to avoid contamination by any inhibitors; the DNA was completely digested by Mse I and EcoR I at 37°C for 3 hours. Two-step method was superior to one-step method in this AFLP system. The digestion time was 3 hours at 37°C and ligated at 16°C over night, with Buffer 2 (NEB Company) as the specific buffer. Furthermore, the optimal dilution was 25 folds for pre-amplification and 75 folds for selected amplification. In this reaction system, the strips in PAGE electrophoresis were clear and less decomposed. Conclusion: The AFLP reaction system in this experiment is suitable for silver-stained AFLP of Carthamus tinctorins L. analysis.

Objective To clarify the frequency, the routes of transmission from mother to infant, the correlation factors and distribution of genotypes of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) infection. Methods Nested polymerase chain reaction (n PCR) was performed to detect TTV DNA and genotypes in serums and breast milks from 160 cases of pregnant women. Results TTV DNA in serum and breast milk was detected in 64 (40 0%) and 60 (37 5%) of 160 cases of pregnant women respectively. The positive rates of TTV DNA from HBV markers (+) and normal groups were 50 0%, 43 1% and 13 6%, 22 7% respectively in serums and breast milk. There were significant difference between the two groups ( P

The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is dismal, especially at the advanced stage of the disease. Surgery is considered as the only curative treatment modality for pancreatic cancer;however, less than 20% of patients are candidates for curative surgical resection. Multidisciplinary management, including radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy, followed by systemic chemotherapy, is the treatment of choice for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. An early phase Ⅲ clinical trial conducted by GITSG (GI Tumor Study Group) has demonstrated a survival benefit for concurrent chemoradiation as compared to radiation alone in locally advanced disease. 5-FU,capacitabine and gemcitabine are the most investigated chemotherapy agents used with radiation. Currently thecombined use of gemcitabine and radiation therapy is under active investigation, and may provide substantial clinical advantage over other regimens. Multi-agent chemotherapy regimen used in concurrence with radiation has not demonstrated any significant effect but with severe toxicities. Conformal radiotherapy should be routinely used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer with doses of 45-50.4 Gy. The target of locally advanced pancreatic cancer is focussed on the gross tumor with safe margins. The use of IMRT is highly recommended for unresectable tumor, and makes further dose escalation possible.

Radiation therapy or chemoradiation will be used much more commonly in the treatment of patients in postoperative gastric cancer . We have reviewed the indication, toxicity, radiation dose, radiation field in postradiotherapy of gastric cancer patients.

Rectal cancer is a common malignant tumor in the gastrointestinal system.For the patients with resectable but high-risk rectal cancer,neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemoradiation plus surgery may improve local control.Compared to adjuvant chemoradiation,neoadjuvant chemoradiation showed the advantage of sphincter preservation.When the goal of preoperative chemoradiation was sphincter preservation,conventional radiotherapy was recommended.Through the analysis of the patients with 5-year survivals,the radiation had a similar impact on the survival as the chemotherapy alone for the patients with the intermediate risk factors.The impact on local control need to be further investigated before recommending chemotherapy alone for those subset patients.Advances in preoperative irradiation,postoperative irradiation and the comparison of preoperative irradiation with postoperative irradiation are also reviewed in this article.

Objective To investigate the effects of KangAi injection on apoptosis and proliferation of rectal cancer Lovo cells in vitro.Methods SubG1 and Annexin -V /PI were used to examine the apoptosis of Lovo cells in vitro.Real -time PCR was used to examine the expression of Caspase -3 and Bcl -2 at mRNA level.Proliferation protein ki -67 was detected by flow cytometry.Results Lovo cells treated with KangAi injection 180μL/mL for 48h increased apoptosis rate from (4.75 ±1.04)% to (45.61 ±5.22)% with SubG1 (t =7.68,P <0.01 ),and (7.28 ±1.99)% to (57.02 ±3.88)% with Annexin -V /PI(t =11.42,P <0.01).Lovo cells treated with KangAi injection 180μL/mL for 48h increased the expression of Caspase -3 at mRNA level(t =4.06,P <0.05),while Bcl-2 decreased(t =5.69,P <0.01 ).Lovo cells treated with KangAi injection 180μL/mL for 48h decreased the expression of ki -67 from (95.79 ±1.66)% to (65.84 ±4.80)%(t =5.90,P <0.01 ).Conclusion KangAi injection can promote apoptosis and inhibit proliferation of rectal cancer Lovo cells in vitro.