Pathological pain or clinical pain is caused by tissue and nerve injuries,and is usually chronic and mainly divided into inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. Pathological pain is typically characterized by hyperalgesia (increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli) and allodynia (painful responses to normally innocuous stimuli). The MAPKs are a family of evolutionally conserved molecules that play a critical role in cell signaling,consisting of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK),p38,and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK),which play an important role in neural plasticity of pathological pain. Inhibition of MAPKs alleviates inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain in different animal models. It is very important to study the inhibition of MAPKs as a therapeutic approach to treating pathological pain. All the studies suggest that MAPKs is a promising therapeutic target for pathological pain.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze of the prevalence of Norovirus in the foodborne disease surveillance population in Baiyin City in 2015,and provide scientific basis for the prediction,early warning,prevention and control of foodborne diseases caused by Norovirus.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on the cases of foodborne disease surveillance.Fecal specimen were collected,and Norovirus GⅠ and GⅡ were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results Three hundred and forty-four foodborne disease cases were reported,78 cases were positive,and the detection rate was 22.7％.Five cases were positive for Norovirus GⅠ,and 71 cases for GⅡ.Two cases were positive for both GⅠ and GⅡ.Forty-six cases were male and 32 cases were female.The oldest patient was 83 years old,and the youngest was only 3 months with an average age of 20.3.Conclusion Norovirus was one of the main foodborne pathogens in the city,and the main epidemic was GⅡ in autumn and winter.Public education and health monitoring should be strengthened.

Serum biomarkers have important roles in predicting severity, deterioration of early neurological function, and outcome in acute ischemic stroke.Understanding the type of these serum biomarkers, mechanism of action, and correlation with acute ischemic brain injury may help predict early outcomes and guide treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Indomethacin suppositories on albumin concentration and insulin resistance of post-operation patients with serious intra-abdominal infection.Methods:38 post-operation patients with serious intra-abdominal infection were divided into two groups randomly.One as treatment group(n=19)and the other as control group(n=19).Albumin,blood glucose,fasting insulin concentration were measured At 72 hours after the operation and 144 hours.Insulin resistance index was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment(HOMA).Finally,the results of two groups were analyzed.Results:The albumin concentration of Indomethacin group at 72 hours was significantly higher than that after 72 hours,Insulin resistance of 144 hours was lower than the control group(P0.05).Conclusion:Postoperative abdominal infection using indomethacin suppository can significantly reduce insulin resistance,and significantly reduced the decomposition of albumin.

Objective To explore the decision-making process of medical students who turned the major from the medicine to other majors,and the related factors that hindered them continuing to study the medicine.Methods According to the design of interpretative phenomenon logical analysis,semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data.Participants were six undergraduate students who had moved from medical major to another major.Interviews were recorded on audio-tape with the students' permission and then transcribed verbatim.The transcribed interviews were analyzed according to six steps of interpretative phenomenological analysis.Results Even if the participants had left the medical major,they still expressed a strong sense of professional identity for the doctor.However,they also admitted that the professional process of medicine students was very hard and tired,and couldn't get the equal return for their payment.They thus were lack of confidence for the future.Some of the participants talked about the fact that they had been curious about the future of medical students.Internet and seniors were the main avenues for obtaining job-related information,but they were often plagued by the negative information.Education about career adaptation should be carried out as soon as possible,to strengthen the professional identity of medical students,and enhance their ability to defend against negative information,which could help to deal with the status of high turnover rate for medical students.Conclusion Based on the students' perspective,exploring the decision-making process of turning major for medical students will contribute to the educators taking effective strategies to improve the students' career identity,stabilize their professional thought,and reduce the loss of the medical students.

Objective To explore the protective effect of rhG-CSF given intranasally on cerebral infarct rats by observing the neurological dysfunction and the expression of Fas ligand (FasL) in hippocampus of cerebral infarct rats.Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) model rats were established by nylon strand,reperfuse 2 hours later,and give rhG-CSF through subcutaneous and intranasal way.The rats were divided into the nermal group,the sham-operated control group(sham),MCAO group,MCAO+NS given intranasally group(NS),MCAO + rhG-CSF given subcutaneously group,and MCAO + rhG-CSF given intranasally group each group had 6 rats. At the time of 3d after reperfusion,neurological severity scores (NSS) test was performed and the expression of FasL was detected via immunohistochemical staining in collateral hippocampus. Results Neurological dysfunction appeared in all groups except for the normal and the sham group. The dysfunction of the MCAO and the NS group was the most serious,the NSS was the highest(10.20±1.85,10.30±1.76),the number of FasL positive cells was the most(41.17±3.25,41.00±2.76),and there was no obvious difference between the two groups ( P ＞0.05);the NSS and FasL positive cells decreased in the subcutaneous group(5.67±1.32,P ＜0.01;32.67±1.97,P ＜0.01) and decreased further more in the intranasal group(4.00±0.93,P ＜0.05;19.50±1.05,P ＜0.01).Conclusions rhG-CSF given intranasally can relieve the neurological dysfunction of cerebral infarct rats,and brain cells are thereby protected by resisting the expression of FasL.

Pathological pain or clinical pain is caused by tissue and nerve injuries, and is usually chronic and mainly divided into inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. Pathological pain is typically characterized by hyperalgesia (increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli) and allodynia (painful responses to normally innocuous stimuli). The mitogen-activated proteins kinases (MAPKs) are a family of evolutionally conserved molecules that play a critical role in cell signaling, consisting of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which play an important role in neural plasticity of pathological pain. Inhibition of MAPKs alleviates inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain in different animal models. It is very important to study the inhibition of MAPKs as a therapeutic approach to treat pathological pain.

Hypertension is a kind of chronic disease effecting many population, and its prevalence has a rising trend with the age. It keeps in a increasing trend in chinese population, and follows high rates of prevalence, mortality, morbidity and three low rates of wareness, treatment, control. Hypertension is caused by a number of factors, and its incidence is closely related with unhealthy diets. Its incidence may be decreasing gradually by changing lifestyles, taking healthy and reasonable diet. To provide some basic data of healthy lifestyles and diet for people, describe and summarize the relation of hypertension and diets in this article.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of mirtazapine and fluoxetine in the treatment of somatoform disorders.Methods 82 patients were randomly divideded into mirtazapine group and fluoxetine group,all the patients were treated for 6 weeks.The efficacy was evaluated with Hamilton depression rating scale and symptom checklist,the side effects were evaluated with treatment emergent symptom scale.Results The total effective rate of the mirtazapine group was 88％.The total effective rate of the fluoxetine group was 80％.There was no difference between the two groups in efficacy (x2 =0.13,P ＞ 0.05).After the first week of treatment,by Symptom checklist,somatization,anxiety and total score of mirtazapine group were significantly lower than the fluoxetine group (t =2.97,3.01,3.73,all P ＜ 0.05).After the sixth week of treatment,somatization,interpersonal,depression,anxiety,fear and total score of mirtazapine group were significantly lower than the fluoxetine group (t =2.01,2.36,3.25,3.62,2.17,3.84,all P ＜ 0.05).Mirtazapine group had no significant adverse drug reactions.Fluoxetine group had four cases of adverse drug reactions.Conclusion Mirtazapine in the treatment of patients with somatoform disorders has more rapid onset and drug side effects is less than fluoxetine.

Objective To investigate the effect of Miles laparoscopic sigmoid colostomy surgery for elderly patients with colorectal cancer .Methods The clinical data of 78 elderly patients with colorectal cancer underwent surgery were chosen .According to the different operation method , they were randomly divided into the observation group and control group ,39 cases in each group .The observation group was treated with laparoscopic Miles ,and the control group underwent surgery for abdominal Miles .The safety,efficacy,early complications of the two groups were analyzed and compared .Results The incidence rate of postoperative complication , excellent rate of ostomy surgery 6 months after operation in the observation group were 5.13%, 66.67%, respectively, which were better than 38.46%,20.51%in the control group (χ2 =12.70,9.69,all P<0.05).The defecate feeling of the observation group was better than that of the control group (χ2 =29.40,P<0.05).The difference of patients'quality of life and physical function between the two groups was statistically significant (t=3.30,P<0.05).Conclusion The clinical effect of laparoscopic sigmoid colostomy surgery Miles in the treatment of elderly patients with colorectal cancer is bet -ter than traditional open surgery ,it has obvious practical significance such as reducing the short and long term compli -cations and improving the quality of life of patients .