Pluripotent stem cells are type of cells that can differentiate into cells of ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm layers.Cells isolated from developing embryos such as embryonic stem cells,embryonic germ cells,as well as cells derived from adult tissues and bone marrow and testis,have been proved to be pluripotent.Recent studies demonstrated that differentiated cells from adult could be reprogrammed to become pluripotent by genetic manipulation.The characteristics of pluripotent cells from different origins are summarized in this review,and the possible relationship between those populations is discussed.

Stem cells research is the hotspot in the field of biological science and medicine.Stem cells can be classified into embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells.Embryonic stem cells derived from early preimplantation embryo have the pluripotent and unlimited self-renewal capacity.They are an attractive source for tissue engineering,gene therapy,basic study of developmental biology and so on.However,such therapies carry a risk of teratoma formation,and may contribute to the functional failure of the graft.Here,we discuss the reasons for the formation of teratoma and the solutions to this problem.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Though the development of multidisciplinary therapy has largely improved the therapy effects, many patients still died of local recurrence and metastases after surgery. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) originates from primary tumor tissues and has a close relationship with cancer metastases and prognosis. This review summarizes the CTC detection methods and relevant clinical research on CTC in recent years.

The concept of hemangioblast was proposed a century ago. The existence of hemangioblasts has been demonstrated recently in vitro by differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cell into em-bryoid bodies(EBs). In the developing embryo, a common progenitor, termed "hemangioblast", generates both hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. The in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells to hemangioblast is a powerful approach for studying the commitment of the hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. This review will summarize recent development in the studies on hemangioblast.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, pathological and biochemical featur es of paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The clinical data of 624 HCC patients (the ratio of male to female 5.3∶1) ident ified by pathology were retrospectively reviewed. Results Among the patients with HCC, 32.2% (201/624) had PNS, the ratio of male to femal e was 4.6∶1. PNS mainly manifested as six clinical abnormalities: hyperchol esterol emia (15.9%), hypoglycemia(8.2%), thrombocytosis(7.7%), leucocytosis(4.8%), eryt hrocytosis(3.4%), hypercalcemia (1.0%). The carcinoma of PNS originated in multi si tes, they mainly located at the right lobe of liver, whilst 47.5% of patients wi th PNS were involved in two lobes. The level of ?-glutamyltranspeptidase in PN S was statistically higher than that free of PNS controls (261.2?224.0 vs. 165 .8?152.2, P

Stem cells offer considerable promise in the repair or replacement of damaged tissue in the body.Mature and functional endothelial cells play a pivotal role in neovascularization and maintenance of blood vessel integrity.Although being the best choice for transplantation endothelial,cells isolated from autologous vessels have been heavily obstacled in medical application due to poor resources and limitted proliferation potential in culture.Thus,stem cells have been the focus of the studies soareh for suitable cell sources.Several types of stem cells have been reported to possess endothelial cell differentiation potential.This article summarized the recent study on the sources,distribution,features-differentiation,animal experiments and clinical use of stem cells.Advantages and disadvantages are compared to provide a reference for the choice of evdothelial celia source.

Since the first successful establishment of human embryonic stem cell line in 1998,embryonic stem cell research has attracted much attention in recent years.Theoretically,embryonic stem cells are pluripotent 0f in vitro proliferation and in vivo differentiation.which could serve as a promising seed cell source for cell thera PY or tissue engineering.Differentiation of the embryonic stem cells into a certain type of cell still remains a big challenge.Studies regarding chondrogenic ifferentiation have been reported.This article summarizes the chon drogenic process in developing embryo and the currently known factors involved in the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cell.Foreground of the study in this field is discussed.

Growing energy consumption has become a key consideration for hospital infrastructure,while densely-placed data centers in the hospital make things worse.In view of energy saving and environment protection,the authors briefed the inevitable trend and requirements for the hospitals to build environment-friendly data centers,with key details and outcomes covered.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of the interlocking intramedullary nails in treatment of the floating knee. Methods Internal fixation with the interlocking nail in unilateral femur and tibia was performed on 6 patients with the floating knee, and the treatments of complications were analyzed and summarized. Results After operation the 6 patients were followed up and their X ray films were reviewed after 3, 6, and 12 months respectively. Fractures in unilateral femur and tibia healed at once in 4 patients, the union of one femur fracture delayed in one case and the union of tibia fracture delayed in one case. The knee joint could flex to 80～90 degrees in 5 of the 6 patients, and the other one could flex to 60 degrees. No shortening of the limb occurred in all the patients who healed after 6～18 months. Conclusion As the “floating knee”is a kind of high energy injury, often complicated with injury of important organs, the complication should be treated while the internal fixation be conducted as soon as possible. The interlocking intramedullary nail is a good device with which the function of the limb can recover fast with the postoperative dysfunction of the knee and ankle joints greatly reduced.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the first-pass effect and mechanism of vitexin-4′-O-glucoside(VG)in rats so as to pro-vide a basis for new drug development. METHODS:10 SD rats were divided into a group of hepatic portal venous administration and a group of femoral venous administration,which respectively received VG iv at superior mesenteric vein and femoral vein,and then metabolic rate was calculated by finding out the AUC of VG in the rats’livers. 15 SD rats were divided into a group of gastric infusion,a group of intestinal infusion and a group of hepatic portal venous infusion,which respectively received VG by infusion at gastric fundus and duodenum and iv at superior mesenteric vein,and then metabolic rate was calculated by finding out the AUC of VG in the rats’stomachs and intestines. 15 SD rats were divided into a group of intestinal infusion,a group of femoral venous administration and a group of normal saline. At 10 min before administration,the former two groups were given by infusion vera-pamil injection(60 ml/kg),the substrate of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein(P-gp);and the group of normal saline were given by infu-sion of isometric normal saline,and then the rats were given VG as above to observe the effect of verapamil on intestinal absorp-tion of VG. RESULTS:The metabolic rates of VG in the liver,stomach and intestine were 54.9%,1.7% and 91.9% respectively. After infusion of verapamil,slight increase in AUC of VG was found in the rats in the group of intestinal infusion. CONCLU-SIONS:The first-pass effects in the liver and intestine are the main factors related to the low bioavailability of VG. Based on pre-liminary judgment,VG is the substrate of intestinal CYP3A and/or P-gp.