Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

Ear Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Biomaterials are commonly applied in regenerative therapy and tissue engineering in bone.Generally,nanoparticles interact distinctively with bone cells and tissue,depending on their com-position,size,and shape.Therefore,detailed analyses of nanoparticle effects on cellular functions have been performed to select the most suitable candidates for supporting bone regeneration.This review will highlight potential nanoparticle applications in bone.We found that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display exceptional regenerative potential.The delivery of genetic material with nanoparticulate carriers offers the possibility of overcoming certain disadvantages of standard protein delivery approaches.Moreover,nanoparticles are already clinically applied in cancer treatment.Thus,corresponding efforts could lead to new therapeutic strategies to improve bone regeneration or to treat bone disorders.

Through tracing literatures of TCM theories,this article discussed the theoretical basis for treating chloasma from liver.60 female chloasma patients were selected and treated with traditional Chinese medicine of dispersing the depressed liver qi.By observing the score of SDS and SAS,we analyzed the influence of emotion on female chloasma,and the effectiveness of treating chloasma from liver.The article believed that paying attention to regulate the whole body condition will exert a treating at fundamental causeof the disease.

Objective To investigate the effect of intensive nursing intervention on the secondary infection in chemotherapy of elderly patients with lung cancer.Methods 168 cases of elderly lung cancer patients whose neutrophil ≤ 1.0×109/L during chemotherapy were randomly divided into two groups,namely,the intensive care group and the control group,with 84 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing of infection prevention,while the intensive care group was given intensified nursing for infection prevention.A contrastive analysis was conducted in terms of the incidence,clinical characteristics and the duration of antibiotic treatment of the two groups of patients with secondary infection.Results The secondary infection rate of the intensive care group was lower than that of the control group during chemotherapy.What's more,the duration of fever and treatment of the intensive care group was shorter than that of the control group,hence the patients were safe during infection period.The difference was statistically significant.Conclusions Strengthening the nursing intervention can reduce the incidence rate of secondary infection in aged patients with lung cancer,increase the tolerance of patients to chemotherapy and ensure the successful completion of the chemotherapy cycle,prolong the life span of the patients with an improved quality of life.

Objective To explore the correlative factors of hypotension among hemodialysis patients and to come up with nursing interventions.Methods The histories of 49 maintenance hemodialysis patients were retrospectively reviewed to find out the correlative factors of hypotension and summarize the nursing strategies.Results The major factors for hypotension included large volume of dehydration and fast speed of dehydration in 22 cases,malnutrition and hypoproteinemia in 8 cases,severe anemia in 6 cases,dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in 5 cases,low concentration of sodium or high temperature of dialysate in 4 case and medication errors and eating too much before or during dialysis in 4 cases.Conclusion The nursing strategies including control of weight,correct assessment of dry weight,right performance of low temperature hemodialysis and sodiun profile hemodialysis as well as mental care to those with depression are critical for prevention of hypotension development in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

Objective To establish the scientific, rational and standard librarian performance appraisal index system in academic library in order to adjust their working behaviors, improve their service quality and increase the overall performance of library.Methods The current librarian performance appraisal situation was investigated according to the literature and on the field inspection.The appraisal indexes and their weight were established by Delphi and step analysis.Results The 3-scale appraisal index system was established, which include 4 No.1 indexes, 10 No. 2 indexes, and 59 No.3 indexes with their weight and score displayed.Conclusion The performance appraisal index system we established can effectively arouse the enthusiasm of librarians in scientific research innovation, manage-ment or social work.