Objective: A method for the determination of gallic acid in the extract of Quercus salece- na Blume (Fagaceae) and its preparation (Urocalum Capsules) by means of RP-HPLC was established. Method: The hydrolysable tannins contained in the sample is hydrolyzed with hy- drochloric acid, the hydrolysis component-gallic acid is determined by HPLC using RP-C18 column, 0.005mol. L-1 of phosphoric acid-methanol (98: 2) as mobile phase , 270 nm as detec- tion wavelength. Result: The linear range of gallic acid is 0. 3～3. 1?g , r=0. 9999, the average recovery is 100. 4%. Conclusion: It is confirmed that the established method for assay of gallic acid meet the criteria of quantitative analysis of herbal medicine by validation of hydrolysis condition, repeatebility, stability and recovery, The method is simple , good reproducible and precise , and it can also be applied to analysis of other herbal medicine containing hydrolysable tannins.

Free amino acids were analysed in 90 human milk samples during the first 6 weeks of lactation in Nanjin city. Glutatnic acid was the most and taurine was the second abundant component of the free amino acids in human milk. The free essential amino acids were highest in colostral milk and declined with advancing lactation. The possible roles of free amino acids in human milk for feeding infant in the first stage was discussed. The results of this study support that breast milk is beneficial for infants and suggest that the formulas should be supplemented with taurine.

Stroke is one of the severe perioperative complications.The incidence of perioperative stroke has great difference because of the surgical site,surgical complexity,and different basic diseases of patients.The induced anesthesia and the intraoperative management also have an important influence on the onset of stroke.The mortality of perioperative stroke is as high as 26%.Neturologists must guide the assessment of the potential risks for perioperative stroke,and carefully balance the risk-benefit ratio when making each decision.This article reviews the advances in research on the risk factors for perioperative stroke,prevention,and treatment.

Objective The aim of this study was to describe the clinical outcomes and improvement of clivo-axial angle (CAA) during the posterior approach surgery of upper cervical anomaly instability patients.Methods All of 32 patients with symptomatic upper cervical anomaly instability were followed up from 2004 Apr.to 2014 Aug.in which 1 patient was excluded because of reoperation.There were 10 patients with OS odontiodeum,5 with odontoid deformity,4 with Klipple-Feil syndrome,4 with atlantoaxial dislocation,4 with atlantoaxial instability,1 with rheumatoid arthritis,1 with old odontoid fracture,1 with OS odontoideum and foramen magnum stenosis,1 with basilarinvagination and Klipple-Feil syndrome.They were all performed posterior reduction internal fixation and fusion,and then released spinal cord compression with the promotion of CAA.The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of decompression or not:non-decompression group 17 cases (male 8 cases,female 9 cases;age 13-65 years old,average 50.1 years old) and decompression group 14 cases (male 7 cases,female 7 cases;age 19-68 years old,average 49.6 years old).The CAA numbers were measured and compared.The clinic date was compared between preoperatively and postoperatively,which included Neck Disability Index and Nurick Classification System for Myelopathy.Results All patients were followed up,the follow-up time of non-decompression group was 0.7-10.7 years,average 2.9 years;the follow-up time of compression group was 0.3-5.5 years,average 2.9 years.Analysis of CAA,NDI and Nurick score were performed with t-test.The postoperative CAA,NDI and Nurick score improved significantly compared to preoperative ones.There was no difference between non-decompression group and decompression group.One patient felt nausea and vomited,one got soleal vein thrombosis,one had a swelling face and blurring vision and one had decompression syndrome after operation,all of these were improved using respectively therapy.No such serious complications as injury to vertebral artery,infection or internal fixation loosening occurred.Conclusion Neck ability and spinal cord function was significantly improved through increasing CAA for the upper cervical anomaly instability patients underwent posterior reduction internal fixation and fusion.

Objective:? N oxalo L ?,? diaminopropionic acid were isolated from the powder of red ginseng. its physiological characteristics were studied. Method:This material is obtained by CM Sephadex C 25 and FPLC MonoQ. We have examined the effect of ? N oxalo L ?,? diaminopropionic acid on contraction of artery of guinea pig. Result:When histamin and adrenalin do not exist, there is neither contraction nor relaxation. It can strengthen induction of contraction of artery of guinea pig, but it has no such effect on adrenalin. Besides, it doesn't induce plaque coagulation through adrenalin, ADP blood coagulation enzyme and collagen. It doesn't suppress the transformation from tension peptide of blood vessel to enzyme.Conclusion:Hemostatic effect of ? N oxalo L ?,? dlaminopropinomie acid may caused by vesseles contraction through promoting Histamine.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Parkinson's disease(PD)in a community cohort of elderly in southern Xin Jiang. Methods A total of 6229 residents of Uygurs and Hans ethnicity in Kashi district were investigated from 2008 to 2009 by using a stratified, staged and cluster sampling methods. Results In this study, 57 PD patients were found. The prevalence rate of PD was 0. 7%(21/2871)in Hans and 1.1%(36/3274)in the Uygurs. The prevalence rate of PD increased with age, especially in people aged 85-89 years old. The prevalence rate of PD was 6. 0%(9/150)in illiterate people,followed by 1.0%(30/2968),0. 6%(14/2180)and 0. 5%(4/842)in those having received primary, junior high or senior high school education. Conclusions The prevalence rate of PD increased with age and decreased with education level. There was a correlation between the prevalence of PD and age.

Objective To observe the effect of specific knockdown of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5) on liver fibrosis in rats. Methods The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter-driven RPS5 shRNA adenovirus was established, and AdGFa2-shRPS5 and its control AdGFa2 shNC were used to transfect primary rat HSCs and hepatocytes, respectively. RPS5 was determined by Western-blot and Real Time PCR, α-SMA and type I collagen expression; the rat liver fibrosis model was established by dimethyl nitrosamine (DMN) and bile duct ligation (BDL), and intrahepatic HSC was specifically knocked down by tail vein injection of adenovirus of RPS5 levels. The pathological changes of liver tissue sections were analyzed by HE staining; the content of hydroxyproline, sections of Sirius red and Masson staining were used to evaluate collagen deposition; immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of α-SMA and RPS5. Results AdGFa2-shRPS5 specifically knocked down the expression level of RPS5 in HSC and increased the expression of α-SMA and type I collagen in vitro. The in vivo results showed that in two animal models of chronic liver injury, specific knockdown of RPS5 expression in HSCs promoted HSC activation, increased the deposition of extracellular matrix, and promoted liver fibrosis. Conclusion RPS5 is essential for HSC activation and liver fibrosis, which could be a potential target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Objective: To understand the awareness of sexual knowledge among primary and secondary school students, as well as their attitudes towards school sex education and to provide a reference for school-based sex education. Methods: A total of 5 531 primary and secondary school students were selected from Beijing, Chongqing, Heilongjiang (Harbin and Jiamusi) and Hubei (Wuhan and Xiaogan) by stratified cluster sampling and were investigated with self-reported questionnaire. Results: Sex-related knowledge scored 62.33±19.35, with a pass rate of 61.9%, and the excellent rate 17.5%. Sexual knowledge of junior high school students scored 64.30±19.07, with the pass rate of 64.7%, and the excellent rate 22.0%. A large proportion of primary students reported unaware of pubertal growth and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, and a large proportion of junior high students unaware of reproductive physiology. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed region, grade, gender, and suburban areas were related to the level of sexual knowledge(P<0.05). More than 76.0% primary students and 85.9% middle school students agreed on the importance of school sexuality education. 59.7% of primary school students and 73.3% of junior high school students hoped to include school sexuality education in compulsory education courses; 59.8% of primary school students and 68.3% of junior high school students felt that school sexuality education should be equipped with specialized teachers. Conclusion Chinese primary and secondary school students are lack of sexual knowledge. As students have strong wills to get more information on sexual knowledge, schools should provide them with more comprehensive and effective sex education through appropriate courses and activities.

Objective: To understand the needs of primary and secondary school students, parents and teachers for comprehensive sexuality education content, and to explore the applicability of comprehensive sexuality education content in China. Methods: By using the method of stratified cluster sampling, 5 571 primary and middle school students and 4 835 parents from Beijing, Chongqing, Heilongjiang (Harbin and Jiamusi) and Hubei (Wuhan and Xiaogan) were selected for questionnaire survey. Depending on the physical health monitoring points of various provinces and cities, 176 sexuality education related teachers in nine regions were surveyed. The development of the questionnaire was based on the content framework of comprehensive sexuality education proposed in the International Technical Guidelines for Sexuality Education. Results: Students had a higher demand for knowledge on the concepts of "relationship" (53.4% for primary school students, 57.6% for junior high school students) and "health and well-being skills" (71.1% for primary school students, 55.9% for junior high school students). Parents had higher demand for most comprehensive sexuality education content with the exception of lower need for "sex and sexual behavior (74.7% of primary school parents, 80.8% of junior high school parents)" and "sexual and reproductive health (primary parents 74.3%, junior high school parents 75.8%)". Teachers had a high demand for most comprehensive sexuality education content, but primary school teachers had a lower need for "values, rights, culture and sex(65.9%)", "sex and sexuality(60.1%)" and "sexual and reproductive health(66.8%)". The results of correspondence analysis showed that junior middle school teachers had the highest demand for comprehensive education content, followed by primary school parents, junior middle school parents, primary school teachers, junior middle school students and primary school students. Conclusion Teachers and parents have a higher demand for most comprehensive sexuality education content, while lower demand for some relatively sensitive content. Students have a relatively low demand for comprehensive sexuality education content. It is recommended to further improve the content of school sexuality education based on the actual needs of China.

Objective:To investigate the current situation of the implementation of breastfeeding in the state of mother infant separation in 75 hospitals in China, based on the evidence-based guidelines for breastfeeding of hospitalized newborns (hereinafter referred to as the guidelines).Methods:Totally 75 hospitals in China were selected using the convenience sampling method to distribute questionnaires to compare the implementation of breastfeeding after separation of mother and infant.Results:All the hospitals selected in this survey were not satisfied with the overall implementation of the guide, but the general hospital's interpretation and learning of the guide was better than that of the specialized hospital, with a statistically significant difference ( χ2 value was 5.616, P <0.05); the breastfeeding rate was lower after the separation of mother and infant, and only 18.7% (14/75) of the units with the feeding rate ≥ 75%; they provided support related to breast milk collection, kangaroo nursing and professional professionals in the aspect of quality management, specialized hospital was better than general hospital, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 values were 9.450, 10.516, 6.436, P<0.05); 62.1% (18/29) of the specialized hospitals have multi-disciplinary cooperation teams to promote the separation of mother and infant breastfeeding, while only 34.8% (16/46) of the comprehensive hospitals have multi-disciplinary cooperation teams , the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 value was 7.254, P<0.05). Conclusion:The evidence-based guidelines for breastfeeding of hospitalized newborns in China mostly refer to the relevant international standards. There are some difficulties in the implementation of the guidelines due to the large differences in the economy and policies of various regions in China. In order to improve the success rate of breastfeeding separation between mother and infant, China should establish a national standard that is in line with the national conditions, so as to facilitate the reference implementation of hospitals at all levels.