Background Studies have showed an increasing prevalence of glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).However,this view remains controversial.Objective This Meta analysis was to assess whether there is an association between glaucoma and OSAHS.Methods A systematic search in PubMed database was carried out with the subject headingssleeping apnea andglaucoma.The literature type was limited to cases-controlled studies and prospective cohort studies with the publishing duration from January 1,1982 to January 30,2015 in English.The risk of glaucoma among OSAHS patients was analyzed,and Review Manager 5.2 was applicated for Meta analysis.The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the strength of the association.Results Twelve independent retrospective casescontrolled studies were included in this review,including 11 592 subjects in the OSAHS group and 25 931 subjects in the control group.The study quality was scored 6-8 by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale which was acceptable.The random effects model was accepted because of the heterogeneity among the studies (x2=34.20,P＜0.05,I2 =68％).The prevalence of glaucoma was higher in the OSAHS group than that in the control group (OR =1.87,95％ CI:1.21-2.90,Z=2.82,P＜0.05).The subgroup analysis of OSAHS showed that the OR (95％ CI) of mild,moderate and severe OSAHS groups versus control group was 3.61 (0.56-23.43),4.17 (0.47-36.91) and 6.95 (1.14-42.26),respectively.Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the OR value fluctuated in 1.74-2.16 and closed to 1.87.Funnel graphy exhibited a asymmetry appearance among the literatures,which suggested a possible publication bias.Conclusions OSAHS is one of the risk factors of glaucoma.The serious OSAHS is associated with an increased risk of glaucoma.

Interleukin-18 is an inactive precursor which lacks a signal peptide,it has a role inregulating retinal pathological angiogenesis.It also inhibits experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV)via interferon-γand thrombospondin-1.Currently little is known about its mechanisms of inhibition forCNV,may be speculated to be due to effects of anti-angiogenesis,down-regulates vascular permeability andlower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels via directly acting on the vascular endothelial celland epithelial cells.Exogenous administration of mature recombinant interleukin-18 has no adverse effect onretinal pigment epithelial cell viability.In addition,the anti-VEGF role of interleukin-18 is tested to be safeand effective for humans.Interleukin-18 alone or in combination with anti-VEGF shows to be a goodprospect for improving the prognosis of experimental CNV.However,more large clinical studies arerequired to confirm the exact efficacy of interleukin-18 for CNV.

Objective To investigate the cell apoptosis and the expression level of its related gene Survivin, PTEN. Methods Apoptotic cells and bodies were detected by TUNEL. Immunohistocbemical stains were performed to examine the expression of Survivin, PTEN and Ki-67. The software package SPSS 10.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results The Survivin positive rate in 73 tumors was 64.4 %, and there was significant negative correlation between Survivin weighted score and AI (r=-0.85,P<0.01). The mean AI of survivin-positive tumors was lower than that of Survivin-ncgative tumors(P=0.035). The PTEN positive rate in 73 tumors was 72.6 %, there was positive correlation between PTEN weighted score and AI (P=0.026). The mean AI of PTEN-positive tumors was higher than that of PTEN-negative tumors (P=0.034). There was significant negative correlation between AI and pathological grade and positive correlation between PI and pathological grade(r=-0.432, P=0.001, r=0.729, P<0.01). Conclusion Cell apoptosis was affected by some factors. AI was associated with the expression of Survivin and PTEN.

Animals for model of osteoporosis involve rat, mouse, rabbit, beagle dog, minipig, sheep, etc. The types of model include aged related model, ovariectomized model, orchietomied model, drug treated model, abolition degeneration model, and dietary bone loss. The rat with ovariectomized model is used widely. Biochemical determination, bone mineral density measurement, bone histomorphorphormetry and bone biomechanics are used to judge the formation of experimental osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that a combination of estrogen and progestin has a protective synergistic effect on osteoporosis with only little side effects.OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effect of a combination of norethisterone and ethinyl estradiol (EE) on bone mass in ovariectomized rats.DESIGN: This study was a randomized controlled experiment.SETTING:It was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology of Guangdong Medical University.MATERIALS: Twenty-four specific pathogen free (SPF) unmated SD rats were selected, aging 4 and half months and weighing 230±15 g.METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology of Guangdong Medical College from May to November 2002.These rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: pseudo-operation group, ovariectomy group and compound norethisterone group, each containing 8 rats. For the former two groups, ethanol solution (volume fraction=0.056), at a dose of 5 mL/(kg.d), was administered by gavage. While for compound norethisterone group, 60μg/(kg·d) norethisterone and 3.5μg/(kg·d) EE were given by gavage (according to the dosage for human, which was 20-35 μg EE combined with norethisterone). Duration of treatment was 90 days for all the animals. Then their tibias were removed. Employing a fullyautomatic imaging analysis system, osteoclasts and the relevant dynamic and static parameters reflecting secondary trabeculaes formation region in proximal tibias were measured. Respectively, the humeral samples were removed and employing the palsma emission spectrograph of full-spectrum direct reading, calcium content and hydroxyproline content in bone samples were measured. Meanwhile, urine calcium and hydroxyproline concentrations were examined as well.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①The trabecular area (Th. Ar), trabecular thickness (TbkTh), trabecular number (Tb.N) and trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) and the changes in static parareters of perimeters of osteoclasts were investigated. Variance in percent labeled perimeter (L. Pm ％), mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR/BV) were also calculated. ②Changes in serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), calcium and hydroxyproline contents in bone and urine were all measured.RESULTS: All the 24 rats entered the analysis procedure. Compared to pseudo-operation group, for the ovariectomy group, Tb. Ar and Tb.N decreased, Tb. Sp increased and osteoclast perimeter significantly increased (P＜0.01). Addtionally, the bone formation markers increased apparently with an increase in L. Pm ％ and MAR (P＜0.05) and a significant increase in BFR/BV (P＜0.01). Compared with the ovariectomy group, for the compound norethisterone group,the bone mass and the Tb.N increased, marked by an increase of 82％ in Tb. Ar and an increase of 83％ in Tb.N (P＜0.05), and the Tb.Sp decreased, marked by a decrease of 51％ (P＜0.05). Meanwhile, there was a decrease of 52.5％ in osteoblast perimeter (P＜0.01), an increase in organic bone matrix and a decrease in urine hydroxyproline (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION: A combination of estrogen and progestin has a protective synergistic effect on ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis, and it is capable of increasing the organic bone matrix without significant inhibitory effects on bone formation. The experimental dosage of the compound was calculated according to the clinical dosage, 20-35 μg estrogen combined with a progestin, which will yield optimal protective effects on bone sometimes.

Aim To investigate the preventive effects of misoprostol on osteoporosis in aged ovariectomized(OVX)rats.Methods Female,10-month-old SD rats were ovariectomized(OVX)and,2 months later,were treated with misoprostol or controls for 2 months.The static and dynamic parameters in trabecular bone of the forth lumbar vertebrae(LV4)were examined with histomorphometrical analyses;the fifth lumbar vertebrae(LV5)was used to perform the compression test.Results Compared with the data from the sham-operated rats,the percent trabecular area and elastic modulus significantly decreased in OVX rats.Correspondingly,the bone break load and break stress decreased of post OVX was compared with those of sham-operated rats.Misoprostol increased the percent trabecular area by 21.6% compared with OVX rats,but it couldn't meet the statistical significance.Misoprostol enhanced the break load and elastic modulus compared with OVX rats.Conclusion Misoprostol can improve biomechanics of bone in ovariectomized osteoporosis rats.

AIM To determine whether norethisterone in combination with ethinylestradiol can completely prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats. METHODS Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley female rats at the age of 4.5 months were sham-operated and treated orally with vehicle, or ovariectomized (OVX) and treated orally with either vehicle or combined norethisterone (norethisterone at 60 ?g?kg -1?d -1 and ethinylestradiol at 3.5 ?g?kg -1?d -1) for 90 days. Double in vivo fluorochrome labeling was administrated. The undecalcified longitudinal proximal tibial metaphyseal sections were used for the bone histomorphometric analysis. The humerus and urine calcium contents were assayed by the method of atomic absorption spectrometry. The humerus and urine hydroxyproline contents were assayed by colorimetry. Blood serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were tested by BECKMAN auto bio-chemistry analyzer. RESULTS After 90 days post OVX the cancellous bone mass and showed high bone turnover indices. Bone hydroxyproline contents were lost markedly. The ALP activity increased. The urine hydroxyproline contents increased significantly. The combined norethisterone treated group prevented bone lost when compared with OVX. The combined norethisterone were shown to inhibit osteoclasts surface and decrese bone turnover rate. The combined norethisterone can increase hydroxyproline contents and reduce urine hydroxyproline contents significantly from OVX group. CONCLUSION Combining norethisterone can prevent OVX-induced cancellous bone loss in rats.

AIM To determine whether epimedium pubescens flavonoids(EF) in combination with diethylstilbestrol(DES) can completely prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats. METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley female rats at age of 4 months were divided into six groups. Ten rats were sacrificed at age of 4.5 months before operation. The other rats were sham-operated and treated orally with vehicle or ovariectomized (OVX) and treated orally with either vehicle, or diethylstilbestrol(DES) at 22.5 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 , or EF at 300 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 , or EF 300 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 in combination with DES 22.5 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 for 90 days. Double in vivo fluorochrome labeling was administrated. The undecalcified longitudinal proximal tibial metaphyseal sections were used for [FQ(9*2。46,X-WZ]-the bone histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS DES prevented OVX-induced bone loss and decreased body weight gain and total serum cholesterol,but it increased uterine luminal epithelial thickness.Combination of EF with DES completely prevented OVX-induced bone loss and did not increase uterine luminal epithelial thickness.The effect of the combination in preventing bone loss was more significant than that of DES. CONCLUSION EF in combination with DES showed synergistic effect on prevention of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy.-

AIM: To study the effects of epimedium pubescens flavonoids (EF) on the skeleton in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Forty 4.5-month-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Rats in sham group were sham-operated and treated by daily oral gavage with vehicle. Rats in other three groups were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) and treated by either daily oral gavage with vehicle, or diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 22.5 ?g?kg~ -1?d~ -1, or EF at 300 mg?kg~ -1?d~ -1 for 90 days. Bone histomorphometric analysis of the proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM), fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV5) and tibial shaft (Tx) was performed in undecalcified sections. The left femur was collected to determine bone weight, contents of calcium (Ca) , phosphorus (P ) and hydroxyproline. The uterine weight and the uterine luminal epithelial thickness (ULET) were determined. RESULTS: A significant increase in contents of Ca and P of femur was found in EF group. A tendency of increase was found in %Tb.Ar of PTM, but no significant change was found in bone histomorphometric parameters of LV5 and Tx in EF group. EF had no effect on uterine weight and ULET. CONCLUSION: EF can prevent OVX-induced bone mineral loss of femur, but does not prevent bone loss of PTM and LV5.

AIM: To study the correlative changes of bone mineral contents and histomorphometry of lumbar vertebrae in ovariectomized rats by analysis of T-type correlation degree. METHODS: Forty 10.5-month-old virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) Basal: at 10.5 mon of age; (2) sham-1:sham-operated at 13 mon of age; (3) OVX-1: ovariectomized at 13 mon of age; (4) sham-2: sham-operated at 16 mon of age; (5) OVX-2:ovariectomized at 16 mon of age. After ovariectomy, all rats were treated orally with NS at 5 ml?kg -1?d -1. At the end-point of study, the undecalcified longitudinal fourth lumbar vertebra (LV4) sections were cut and stained with Goldner's Trichrome for bone histomorphometric analyses. The fifth lumbar vertebra (LV5) was dried with temperature and digested with acid for testing of bone mineral content. Then the effects of bone mineral contents on bone histomorphometry were assessed by analyzing the T-type correlation degree in the Grey system. RESULTS: All degrees of correlation between bone mineral contents and static histomorphometric parameters (trabecular bone volume) (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were positive, but for dynamic histomorphometric parameter (BFR/BV), the correlation degrees were negative. The effect of contents of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on histomorphometric parameters of lumbar vertebrae was much greater than that of the other bone mineral contents. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of T-type correlation degree can evaluate the correlative changes of bone mineral contents and histomorphometry of lumbar vertebrae in ovariectomized objectively and fairly.