Objective To establish a method for the determination of content in Sinomenine Hydrochloride external applied powder. Methods Diamonsil ODS C_(18) (250 mm ? 4.6 mm, 5 ?m) column was used in HPLC with mobile phase of phosphate buffer (0.01 mol/L K_2HPO_4 solution, and 1%0 triethylamine, pH was adjusted to 3.0)-MeOH (80 : 20). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 265 rim. Results The linear range of Sinomenine Hydrochloride was 0.446～4.46 ?g and the regression equation was Y=9.01 ? 10~6X+102803 (r=0.9999). The average recovery was 99.2%, RSD=0.68% (n =9). Conclusion This method is rapid and accurate with good reproducibility. It can be applied to control the quality of Sinomenine Hydrochloride external applied powder.

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations,laboratory findings and genetic characteristics of two cases with simple virilizing (SV)21-hydroxylase(21OHD). Methods Clinical manifestations and laboratory data were obtained. The promoter and coding areas of CYP21A2 gene were directly sequenced. In silico analysis were used to predict the function of mutations. Results Two patients presented severe virilism. The laboratory examinations showed that plasma ACTH,aldosterone,androstendione and testosterone were significantly increased compared with normal individuals. VCT scan showed hyperplasia of bilateral adrenal. Direct sequencing of CYP21A2 gene showed two complex mutations-H62L/V69L and I2g/10InsL,which were not reported previously. In silico analysis(Polyphen)showed the novel mutation V69L could probably damage the function of CYP21A2 protein. Conclusion The combined mutations,H62L/V69Land I2g/10InsL,could be associated with SV type 21-OHD phenotype.

Objective To explore the efficacy of sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy and the factors associated with the prognosis.Methods 106 cases with esophageal varices in control group was treated with drugs alone;study group had 113 cases, was given endoscopic therapy add drugs, The study group randomly divided into two groups, one was treated with endoscopic variceal ligation all the time (EVL group), another was treated with sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy (sequential group). After the treatment, the rate of removal of varicose veins, the rate of rebleeding, the number of total treatment,mortality and intra-operative complications and postoperative complications were compared. And compared rebleeding rate and mortality with the control group and study groups with different CTP and MELD, analyze the factors of prognosis, and evaluate their prognostic value.Results Rebleeding, rate in control group, EVL group and sequential group were 41.51%,10.53% and 10.64%,sequential group was significantly better than control group (P = 0.000); mortality in control group, EVL group and sequential group were 15.09%, 5.26% and 2.13%, sequential group was also significantly better than control group (P = 0.001); rate of recurrence in EVL group and sequential group within half a year were 73.68% and 44.68%, sequential group was significantly better than EVL group (P = 0.021). In all control group and EVL group and the sequential group, rebleeding rate and mortality of the liver function Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class C was significantly higher than that of calss A; In MELD model, AUC area under the ROC curve of rebleeding rate in control group and sequential group were 0.944 and 0.851, mortality of the two groups were 0.881 and 0.984, while the rate of recurrence in the EVL group and sequential group were respectively 0.914 and 0.765, the MELD score has the important value to the prediction of rebleeding and death.Conclusion The rebleeding rate and mortality in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices treated with sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy were significantly decreased and the recurrence rate was lower than that of the patients with endoscopic variceal ligation all the time. Liver function Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score and the MELD score have important value in prediction of rebleeding and death, ligation and sclerosing sequential therapy can significantly reduced rebleeding and mortality in CTP class B and C, and improve the MELD threshold of rebleeding and death.

Cartilage has poor self-recovery because of its characteristics of no blood vessels and high extracellular matrix. In clinical treatment, physical therapy or drug therapy is usually used for mild cartilage defects, and surgical treatment is needed for severe ones. In recent years, cartilage tissue engineering technology provides a new way for the treatment of cartilage defects. Compared with the traditional surgical treatment, cartilage tissue engineering technology has the advantages of small wound and good recovery. The application of microcarrier technology in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds further expands the function of scaffolds and promotes cartilage regeneration. This review summarized the main preparation methods and development of microcarrier technology in recent years. Subsequently, the properties and specific application scenarios of microcarriers with different materials and functions were introduced according to the materials and functions of microcarriers used in cartilage repair. Based on our research on osteochondral integrated layered scaffolds, we proposed an idea of optimizing the performance of layered scaffolds through microcarriers, which is expected to prepare bionic scaffolds that are more suitable for the structural characteristics of natural cartilage.
Cartilage ; Extracellular Matrix/chemistry* ; Technology ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry*

Objective To evaluate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of ulinastatin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were divided into three groups: sham operation group (Sham group), hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury group (HIRI group) and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury + ulinastatin pretreatment group (HIRI+UTI group), with 8 rats in each group. The HIRI rat models were established by occluding hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery for 1 h. In the HIRI+UTI group, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with ulinastatin at 30 min before model establishment, and an equivalent amount of normal saline was given in the Sham and HIRI groups. The rats were sacrificed at 6 h after model establishment. Serum samples were collected to detect alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Pathological changes of liver tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Ultrastructural changes of mitochondria in liver tissues were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was determined by immunofluorescent staining. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), Fe, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GPX4 were detected. The expression levels of GPX4 and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family 4 (ACSL4) messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins in liver tissue were measured. Results Compared with the Sham group, serum ALT and AST levels were up-regulated, pathological changes such as congestion, hepatocyte necrosis and abnormal hepatic lobule structure were observed, pathological score was increased, the mitochondria shrank, the membrane density was increased, the mitochondrial crest was damaged or even absent, the contents of ROS, MDA and Fe were elevated, the GSH content was decreased, the fluorescent intensity of GPX4 was weakened, the relative expression levels of ACSL4 mRNA and protein were up-regulated, and the relative expression levels of GPX4 mRNA and protein were down-regulated in the HIRI group (all P<0.05). Compared with the HIRI group, serum ALT and AST levels were down-regulated, liver tissue injury was alleviated, pathological score was decreased, mitochondrial shrinkage and crest breakage were mitigated, the contents of ROS, MDA and Fe were down-regulated, the GSH content was up-regulated, the fluorescent intensity of GPX4 was enhanced, the relative expression levels of ACSL4 mRNA and protein were down-regulated, and the relative expression levels of GPX4 mRNA and protein were up-regulated in the HIRI+UTI group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Ulinastatin may alleviate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats probably through inhibiting ferroptosis.

Humans ; Parkinson Disease/diagnosis* ; Machine Learning

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people. In particular, increasing evidence has showed that astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. As a precious traditional Chinese medicine, bear bile powder (BBP) has a long history of use in clinical practice. It has numerous activities, such as clearing heat, calming the liver wind and anti-inflammation, and also exhibits good therapeutic effect on convulsive epilepsy. However, whether BBP can prevent the development of PD has not been elucidated. Hence, this study was designed to explore the effect and mechanism of BBP on suppressing astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in a mouse model of PD. PD-like behavior was induced in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg·kg^-1) for five days, followed by BBP (50, 100, and 200 mg·kg^-1) treatment daily for ten days. LPS stimulated rat C6 astrocytic cells were used as a cell model of neuroinflammation. THe results indicated that BBP treatment significantly ameliorated dyskinesia, increased the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and inhibited astrocyte hyperactivation in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD mice. Furthermore, BBP decreased the protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and up-regulated the protein levels of takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in the SN. Moreover, BBP significantly activated TGR5 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the protein levels of GFAP, iNOS and COX2, as well as the mRNA levels of GFAP, iNOS, COX2, interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated C6 cells. Notably, BBP suppressed the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) proteins in vivo and in vitro. We also observed that TGR5 inhibitor triamterene attenuated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of BBP on LPS-stimulated C6 cells. Taken together, BBP alleviates the progression of PD mice by suppressing astrocyte-mediated inflammation via TGR5.
Humans ; Mice ; Rats ; Animals ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Parkinson Disease/pathology* ; Astrocytes/pathology* ; Powders/therapeutic use* ; Ursidae/metabolism* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism* ; Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism* ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Bile ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microglia ; Disease Models, Animal