The authors have measured the humerus in 200 pair (115 males and 85females) of the Chinese adults. The results indicate that fhe differencebetween the male and the female humeruses is significant. The maximumlength averages 31. 01 ? 0. 01cm in male and 29. 29 ? 0. 15cm in female. Theaverage length is 30. 50 ? 0. 09cm in male and 28.75 ? 0.14cm in female.The difference in the diameters of the average length of the upper. middle and lower extremities of both sexes is significant. The averagevalue of Shaft index is 77. 23 ? 0. 44 in male and 76. 62 ? 0. 51 in female. Theaverage value of the caliber index is 20. 37 ? 0. 10 in male and 19. 68 ? 0. 12in female. The average value of the head index is 93. 21 ? 0. 18 in male and93. 55 ? 0. 37 in female. The results of the measurement have been comparedwith data published both home and abroad.

This article is a part of a systematical study of the Chinese sternum. A total of 191 cases (111 males, 80 females) of Chinese adult sternum were measured. The chief results obtained are as follows:1. The sternal length is 147.6?1.24mm in the male and 137.54?1.30mm in the female.2. The manubrium length of the sternum is 49.42?0.46 mm in the male and 48.20?0.66mm in the female. The maximum width of the sternum is 62.96?0.65mm in the male and 59.61?0.71mm in the female. The minimum width of the sternum is 33.71?0.48mm in the male and 31.97?0.34mm in the female. The thickness of the sternum is 10.19?0.09mm in the male and 9.97?0.16mm in the female.3. The length of the body of the sternum is 100.18?1.15 mm in the male and 88.20?1.14 mm in the female. The maximum width of the body of the sternum is 39.20?0.51 mm in the male and 36.98?0.49 mm in the female. The maximum thickness of the body of sternum is 12.43?0.22mm in the male and 11.50?0.21 mm in the female.4. The length-width index of the sternum is 26.66.5. The length-width index of the sternal body is 39.86.6. The width-thickness index of the sternum is 31.00.7. The index of the length of the sternal body and the manubrium is 50.00.8. The index of the length of the sternum and the manubrium is 34.38.9. The index of the width and the length of the manubrium is 80.00.

Femurs of 206 Chinese adults (122 males and 84 females) were used for the present study. Their lengths, and torsional and inclinational angles were measured after Martin's method. The results are as follows:1. The Lengths of FemurThe average length of the femur in males is 43.68?2.02 cm. (43.77?2.02 cm. on the left side, and 43.61?2.04 cm. on the right), while that in females is 40.96?2.84 cm. (41.05?2.84 cm. on the left side and 40.93?2.84 cm. on the right). No significant difference has been found between the femoral lengths of both sides; however, there is a significant difference between both sexes.2. The inclinational angles of femoral neckTheir average value in the male is 128.46??6.58?(128.87??6.76?on the left side, and 127.46??6.60? on the right), but that in the female is 130.52??6.44?(130.88??6.10? on the left side, and 130.17??6.80? on the right). No significant difference exists between both sides; however, there is a significant difference between both sexes.3. The Torsional Angles of FemurTheir average value in the male is 11.95??8.89? (14.51??8.08? on the left side, and 9.20??7.75? on the right), whereas that in the female is 12.80??9.07? (15.95??9.63? on the left side, and 9.63??7.31? on the right). There is a significant difference between two sides, but no significant difference between both sexes.4. The relationship between the inclinational and torsional angles on one hand and the changes in the femoral lengths on the other has been studied by dividing the femurs into groups according to their lengths. It has been shown that the changes in the femoral length exert no effect upon the inclinational and torsional angles of the femoral necks, neither in the male nor in the female.Besides, a comparison has also been made between the femurs of both sides and both sexes, between the femoral lengths and the inclinational and torsional angles, and between the variant ranges of the torsional angles of femurs. A discussion on these problems has been made with reference to the racial differences.

Asbestos ; toxicity ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

During the last decade,tissue engineering techniques,including the preparation of scaffold and cell culture,have undergone significant development and achieved encouraging results in preliminary clinical trails.However,many medical ethical conflicts still lie ahead in the tissue engineering of the bladder for clinical applications.This review focuses on the current status of tissue engineering techniques and proposes some fundamental principles to be followed in the clinical application of tissue engineering of the bladder.

This article is a part of a systemical study of the Chinese sternum. A total of 191 cases (male 111 cases, female 80 cases) of Chinese adult sternum werc measured. The chief results obtained are as follows:1. The sternal length is 147.6?1.24 mm in male and 137.54?1.30 mm in fcmale.2. The manubrium length of the sternum is 49.42?0.46 mm in male and 48.20?0.66 mm in female. The maximum width of the sternum is 62.96?0.65 mm in male and 59.61?0.71 mm in female. The minimum width of the sternum is 33.71?0.48 mm in male and 31.97?0.34 mm infemale. The thickness of the sternum is 10.19?0.09 mm in male and 9.97?0.16 mm in female.3. Thc length of the body of the sternum is 100.18?1.15 mm in male and 88.20?1.14 mm in female. The maximum width of the body of the sternum is 39.20?0.51 mm in male and 36.98?0.49 mm in female. The maximum thickness of the body of sternum is 12.43?0.22 mm in male and 11.50?0.21 mm in female.4. The length width index of the sternum is 26.66.5. The length width index of the sternal Body is 39.86.

0.05).The death rate of cases with pneumonia combined with ascites was higher than that of cases with ascites only(?2=4.894,P=0.027) and cases without ascites and infections(?2=9.260,P=0.002).Unfavorable prognosis was found in cases with Enterococcus faecium isolated before OLT.CONCLUSIONS Severe lung infection before OLT is one of the main reasons of death.It is important to grasp characteristics of infection,evaluate risk fully,control infections and screen cases strictly before OLT to improve survival rate.

Objective To survey the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues treatment and to assess its risk factors.Methods A total of 141 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis receiving nucleos(t) ide therapy from April 2008 to June 2011 were enrolled.The clinical data including virological and biochemical tests were retrospectively analyzed.Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify the risk factors of HCC occurrence.Results Patients were followed up for 6.4 to 87.6 months with a median followup time of 32.5 months.During the follow-up period,15 out of 141 patients developed HCC with an average annual incidence rate of 3.8％.HCC incidence was higher in HBeAg positive cirrhosis and in those with family history of liver cancer ( RR =4.524 and 3.858,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Patients with HBV-related cirrhosis have a high incidence rate of HCC even they recieve nucleos (t) ide analogues treatment.HBeAg positive cirrhosis and family history of liver cancer are independent risk factors for HCC.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of femoral troehanter reconstruction and artificial femoral head replacement in treatment of unstable intertrochanterie fractures in the elderly pa- tients. Methods Femoral trochanter reconstruction and artificial femoral head replacement was done on 106 patients with unstable intertrochanterie fractures. There were 45 males and 61 females, at age range of 80-105 years (average 88 years). Most of patients slipt in the room and got fractured. According to the Evans classification, there were 31 patients with type ⅢA fractures, 45 with type ⅢB and 30 with type IV. We used 4 kinds of methods to reconstruct the fracturad imertrochanters : (1) shape of" ∞ " ten- sion band fixation after intertrochanterie fracture reduction;(2) wire loop fixation of the lesser troehanter around proximal femur;(3)defect within the femoral ealear was filled with bone cement and remodeled; (4) for patients with relative intact base of femoral neck, the intertrochanterie fracture was transformed in- to femoral neck fracture and the femoral ealear was fixed with femoral prosthesis stem. Results All the operations continued successfully, with duration of the operation for 45-70 minutes (average 55 minutes). No artificial femoral head dislocation occurred during hospitalization. Of all, 79 patients were followed up for 6-48 months (average 16 months). No Late loosening, dislocation or infections occurred, with total excellence rate of 87.3%. Conclusions For elderly patient with unstable intertrochanterie fractures, reconstruction of femoral intertrochant and artificial femoral head replacement can restore the proximal femoral anatomy, maintain stability of the hip joint and help early functional exeereise, as can reduce ease fatality rate and improve the quality of life.

Objective To retrospectively investigate the disease spectrum of inpatients aged over 65 year and cost constitution in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from 2010 to 2014,so as to provide baseline data for further study.Methods The inpatients'disease spectrum and costs were collected from hospital information system.The diseases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10).The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software.Results The total number of old inpatients was 111,935,and male (55.2 ％) was more than female (44.8 ％).The average age was (74.5 ±6.8)years.The top four systematic diseases of primary diagnosis were circulatory system disease (21.0 ％),respiratory system disease (13.7 ％),digestive system disease (12.7％)and neoplasms (12.1％).The total number of male inpatients was more than the female inpatients.The average cost per capita was increased from (￥)18,778.1 yuan to (￥)23,391.9 yuan since 2010.The proportion of all costs accounted for by drugs in elderly inpatients was decreased from 45.5％ to 38.9％ since 2010.Nosocomial infection was decreased from 3.19％ to 0.16％ since 2010.Conclusions The number of elderly inpatients are more in male than in female in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from 2010 to 2014.The most common systematic disease is circulatory system diseases,and followed by respiratory system diseases,digestive system diseases and neoplasms.The proportion of all expenditures accounted for by drugs was declined in five years,while the average cost per capita is increased.