Objective To investigate the mechanism of Quercetin treatment on diabetic nephropathy.Methods Quercetin 100mg/(kg?d) was given to diabetic rats.Urinary albumin excretion was measured by radioimmunoassay.The expression of TGF ? 1 protein and TGF ? 1 mRNA in renal cortex of diabetic rats were determined by immunohistochemical staining and RT PCR analysis.Results Quercetin treatment decreased urinary albumin excretion in diabetic rats.TGF ? 1 immunohistochemical staining and TGF ? 1 mRNA levels in Quercetion treated group was significantly decreased than untreated DM group ( P

Ras is best known for its ability to regulate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in Ras are associated with the abnormal cell proliferation which can result in incidence of all human cancers. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a downstream effector of Ras and plays important roles in prognosis of tumors. Recently, evidence has gradually accumulated to demonstrate that there are other effectors between Ras and ERK, these proteins interact each other and constitute the thorough Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. The pathway has profound effects on incidence of esophageal carcinoma and clinical applications of some chemotherapeutic drugs targeting the pathway. Further understanding of the relevant molecular mechanisms of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway can be helpful for the development of efficient targeting therapeutic approaches which contribute to the treatment of esophageal cancer. In this article, roles of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in esophageal carcinoma as well as pharmacological targeting point in the pathway are reviewed.

Objective To describe the prevalence of tobacco use among teenagers in different populations by sex and grades at school,and to provide evidence for the development of smoking control and health promotion programs.Methods A total of 4 797 teenagers selected from 36 schools through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling in Zhejiang province and were surveyed by using a questionnaire with 3 886 eligible ones for analysis.Indicators as tried smoking,current smoking,and secondhand smoke exposure,etc.,were calculated by weight on age proportions from the numbers of juniors in Zhejiang province.Results Prevalence rates of tried smoking and current smoking among teenagers were 10.91％ and 2.07％,respectively.7.72％ of the juniors were susceptible to future tobacco use.The prevalence rates of tried smoking were 15.65％ for boys and 5.58％ for girls,12.13％ in rural and 9.24％ in urban areas.Students from the 9th grade showed the highest rate (15.15％) while the 7th graders appeared the lowest level of susceptibility to future tobacco use (5.22％).The highest level of current smoking was seen in the group of "weekly allowance more than 30 Yuan,from parents"(4.07％).The prevalence of secondhand exposure to smoke in outdoor and indoor places,public transport,or at home were 57.60％,54.45％,46.97％,and 43.16％,respectively,among the teenagers.3 071 juniors (77.33％) saw the smoking scenes in the past 30 days but only 1 367 juniors (28.30％) were aware of the basic knowledge on tobaccos in class,in the past 12 months.Conclusions There were juniors who tried to smoke or were current smokers.The rate of secondhand exposure to smoking was high.A large number of the juniors were lack of education on knowledge related to tobacco control,in the classroom.It was important to promote and publicize the knowledge on tobacco so as to reduce the number of teenagers who were susceptible to future tobacco use.

Objective To describe the prevalence rates of smoking,quitting and passive smoking in different populations on their status of education,occupation and geographic distribution.Methods A total of 13 408 residents aged 15-69 from 45 counties through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from Zhejiang province were selected and surveyed,using questionnaires.Data from 13 326 subjects were used for analysis.Indicators as smoking,current smoking,and secondhand smoke exposure,etc.,were calculated by weight on age proportions from the 2010 census.Results Among the adults aged 15 years and older,there were an estimated number of 12.90 million (29.59％) smokers,with 9.99 million (22.92％) current smokers,8.45 million (19.38％) daily current smokers.The prevalence rates of smoking were 41.18％ for men,3.69％ for women,with 45-54 year-old group the highest (51.66％) for men while the group of 65-69 year-olds was the highest (4.62％) in women.The overall rate of quitting was 22.56％.40.19％ of the smokers had thought about quitting,with the main means as self-restriction (87.59％) in conducting the behavior of smoking cessation.Among those non-smokers at age 15 or older,it was estimated that 67.90％ (22.77 million) of them had been exposed to secondhand smoke.SHS exposure was the highest in the indoor workplace (62.84％),among all the venues.Knowledge on tobacco among residents seemed to be relatively poor,with only 31.52％ of the population were aware that smoking could cause serious three diseases (stoke,heart disease,and lung cancer).34.04％ of the population were aware that secondhand smoking could cause all the three diseases (heart disease,lung disease,and lung cancer).Conclusion Current prevalence of smoking in males in Zhejiang province remained at a high level,indicating that the publicity programs on the knowledge of smoking tobacco was not strong enough and the task of control smoking should be taken more arduously.