BACKGROUND:Stimulation of the pudendal nerve as a target can improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury, by adjusting the frequency, intensity, pulse width, as wel as regulating synergistic effect of detrusor and urethral sphincter. OBJECTIVE: To assess the research status of electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. METHODS: We searched the folowing databases for articles addressing electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve for neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controled Trials (CENTRAL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and VIP Database. The search was updated to July 2014, and the reference lists of the identified studies were manualy screened for additional studies. The study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by two reviewers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fourteen studies were included in this review. We derived the folowing points by analyzing the included studies: Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve has positive effects on rehabilitation of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury; pudendal nerve electrical stimulation can modulate the coordination of the detrusor and the external urethral sphincter, improve the bladder compliance and restore bladder function by regulating pudendal-to-bladder reflex and spinal reflexes to the bladder. Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve may be potentialy implemented as a feasible treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. More high quality researches should be conducted to clarify the efficacy and the potential active mechanisms of pudendal nerve electrical stimulation for neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury because the number of clinical reports published in this study area is limited, neurophysiological mechanisms underlying biphasic regulation of frequency on bladder function are not wel known, and which intensity of pudendal nerve electrical stimulation is more effective than others for the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury remains unknown.

Objective To study the different proteins of human and environment Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and TOF-TOF-MS. Methods Total cellular pro-tein was extracted by lysate from V. cholerae, and proteins were separated by 2-DE under immobilized pH gradients(IPG), then electrophoregrams were dealed with coomassie brilliant blue, and analyzed by Im-ageMaster 2D Elite 5.0, finally the different protein spots were identified by TOF-TOF-MS. Results High repetitive 2-DE maps were obtained. 2-DE and image analysis revealed 1032±22 protein spots, and PI value was among 4.00 to 7.20. Matching spots were 1025±24 in two repeats electrophoregrams and matching ratio was 96.30%. Conclusion The different protein spots were successfully established with high quality and sharpness separation by 2-DE and TOF-TOF-MS, which stands as a valuable resource for proteomics re-search of V. cholerae.

Objective To observe the expression changes of inflammatory cytokines of human tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) under uniaxial stretching.Methods TDSCs were isolated from human gracilis tendon by collagenase digestion at very low density.Cells were detected for surface markers by flow cytometry,and tested for multi-differentiation potential in vitro.Repetitive uniaxial stretching was applied on the cells at 0％,4％,8％ or 10％ strain.Under the microscopy,cell alignment was observed after mechanical stretching.Expressions of inflammation factors COX-2 and MMP-1 were detected by qPCR and western blotting.Results TDSCs were successfully isolated from human gracilis tendon.Inflammatory cytokines CD29,CD44 and CD105 were positive,but CD45 and CD14 were negative.TDSCs could differentiate into osteocytes,adipocytes and chondrocytes in vitro.Cells were not realigned4 hours after mechanical stretching.MMP-1 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated at 4％ strain (0.090 ± 0.007) compared to that at 0％ strain (0.247 ± 0.032,P ＜ 0.05).No significant difference was found in COX-2 mRNA expression at 4％ and 8％ strain (both was 0.005 ±0.001,P ＞0.05).MMP-1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions at 8％ strain (0.168 ± 0.040 and 0.007 ± 0.001)revealed no significant differences from those at 0％ strain (0.134 ±0.075 and 0.006 ±0.003) (P ＞0.05),whereas at 10％ strain MMP-1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions were significantly up-regulated (0.047 ± 0.003 and 0.496 ± 0.036) compared to those at 0％ strain (0.011 ± 0.003 and 0.005 ± 0.003)(P ＜ 0.05).Changes in MMP-1 and COX-2 protein expressions revealed similar trend as their mRNA expressions.In contrast to the setting of 0％ strain,4％ strain induced down-regulated MMP-1 and COX-2 proteins,8％ strain induced no significant changes in MMP-1 and COX-2 proteins,and 10％ strain induced up-regulated COX-2 protein despite minor increase in MMP-1 protein.Conclusions Mechanical stretching can affect the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.Low tensile stretch is associated with decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines while high tensile stretch promotes secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Objective To explore the relationship between thyroid hormone and colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAP) in middle-aged and elderly people.Methods We surveyed 3 042 middle-aged employees and retirees aged 45 years and over at a petrochemical enterprise of Ningbo.Their colonoscopic findings,body mass index,waist circumference and thyroid function were analyzed.Results Age and serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) of females with CAP were higher than those of the corresponding non-CAP group,so were age and waist circumference of males with CAP (P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,these differences were statistically significant.The detection rate of CAP was significantly higher in males than in females (x2 =49.418,P ＜ 0.01).The detection rate of CAP was higher in females with higher levels of FT3.Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses showed the effects of thyroid hormone on the CAP differed by gender.Age and FT3 (OR =1.60,95％ CI:1.12-2.28,P =0.01) were correlated with CAP in females.However,only age and waist circumference were correlated with CAP in males.Conclusion Elevated FT3 may be a risk factor of CAP in elderly females.The detection rate of CAP may not be affected by FT3 levels in males.

BACKGROUND:Apoptosis of islet cel s is closely related to the long-term hyperglycemia-and hyperlipemia-induced injuries. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Shizidaiping formula on the apoptosis and insulin secretion in MIN6 cel s under the high glucose and lipid environment, and to explore the protective effect of Shizidaiping formula and the related apoptosis mechanism. METHODS:MIN6 cel s were divided into normal, model, melbine, low-, medium-and high-dose Shizidaiping formula groups. The cel activity was examined by cel counting kit-8, the insulin secretion was measured by ELISA, the rate of apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC&PI and the expression levels of MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were examined by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Shizidaiping formula significantly improved MIN6 cel activity under high glucose and lipid condition (P<0.05), decreased early cel apoptosis, increased the level of insulin stimulated by low glucose in cel supernatant (P<0.05), and improved the expression levels of MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 (P<0.05). These results suggest that Shizidaiping formula can protect islet cel s from hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia damage by improving the activity of MIN6 cel s, reducing the insulin secretion and inhibiting the apoptosis of pancreaticβcel s in MIN6 cel s.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of two-stage bone transport combined with induced membrane technique in the treatment of post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis.Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the 14 patients with post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis who had been treated by two-stage bone transport combined with induced membrane technique from February 2009 to August 2015.They were 12 males and 2 females,aged from 26 to 59 years (average,40.4 years).By the Cierny & Mader classification,they all belonged to type Ⅳ.Their disease course ranged from 6 to 30 months,averaging 15.3 months.The number of their previous operations ranged from 2 to 6 times,averaging 3.3 times.In the first stage of operation,tibial extended external fixation was installed according to preoperative design,followed by early debridement and extensive removal of osteomyelitis lesion.The length of bone defect after resection of osteomyelitis lesion was from 4 to 18 cm (average,8.5 cm).10％ vancomycin-contained polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement was molded and placed in the bone defects.In the second stage of operation,the PMMA-induced membrane was opened to remove the PMMA bone cement,the bone marrow was drilled through and the induced membrane was then sutured up.Tibial osteotomy was conducted at an appropriate part.The average interval between the first and second stages was from 4 to 7 weeks (average,4.8 weeks).The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the Paley criteria at final follow-ups.Complications were recorded.Results All the patients were followed up for 15 to 50 months (17.5 months).No relapse of osteomyelitis occurred.The total treatment time ranged from 11 to 19 months,with an average of 14.7 months.The total time for external fixation was from 10 to 18 months,averaging 13.2 months.The external fixator indexes ranged from 31 to 75 day/cm,with an average of 48.5 day/cm.According to Paley criteria at final follow-ups,the clinical efficacy was excellent in 11 and good in 3 cases.Pin tract infection occurred in 9 patients,mal-alignment after removal of external fixation in 6,and malunion or nonunion at the docking site in 5.Conclusions Two-stage bone transport combined with induced membrane technique can cure thoroughly post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis.Its operation procedures are simple but effective.

Objective: Buyinqianzheng Formula (BYQZF) is clinically employed in traditional Chinese medicine to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) by improving mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanisms by which BYQZF affects mitochondrial morphology remain unknown. Therefore, we observed the effects of BYQZF on mitochondria from the perspective of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Methods: Cell survival rates were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Expression levels of PINK1 and Parkin mRNA were examined by qRT-PCR. Protein expression levels of PINK1, PINK1-Ser228, Parkin, Parkin-Ser65, Drp1, and Drp1-Ser637 were examined by western blotting. PINK1, Parkin, and Mito-Tracker? Red CMXRos (MTR) were stained by triple-labeled immunofluorescence, and observed under laser confocal microscopy. Results: Cell survival rate, mitochondrial form factor, mean length and number of mitochondrial network branches, mitochondrial activity, mRNA expression levels of PINK1 and Parkin, and protein expression levels of PINK1, Parkin, and Drp1-Ser637 were reduced after 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) intervention. In contrast, Pearson's correlation coefficients between PINK1 and Parkin, and between Parkin and MTR, as well as protein expression levels of PINK1-Ser228, Parkin-Ser65, and Drp1 increased significantly after MPP+intervention. Treatment with BYQZF increased cell survival rate, mitochondrial form factor, mean length and number of mitochondrial network branches, mitochondrial activity, mRNA expression levels of PINK1 and Parkin, and expression of PINK1, Parkin, and Drp1-Ser637 proteins. Pearson's correlation coefficients between PINK1 and Parkin, and between Parkin and MTR, as well as protein expression levels of PINK1-Ser228, Parkin-Ser65, and Drp1 decreased after BYQZF treatment. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that BYQZF has a protective effect on mitochondrial molecular mechanisms in the PD cell model, and the mechanism is related to the PINK1/Parkin pathway.

Objective:To identify the molecular mechanisms of the effects of the Buyin Qianzheng formula (BYQZF)on the mitochondrial dynamics in a Parkin overexpression Parkinson's disease (PD) cell model.Methods:First,a stable Parkin overexpression cell model was constructed using plasmid transfection.Then,we examined the protective effect of BYQZF on the mitochondrial dysfunction of the Parkin overexpression PD cell model induced by neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+).The mRNA expression level of Parkin was evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR.The cell survival rate was detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay.We evaluated the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)levels using luciferase assays.A laser scanning confocal microscope was used to observe the mito-chondrial morphology,activity,and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm).Western blot was con-ducted to evaluate the levels of the fusion proteins mitofusin1,mitofusin2,optic atrophy 1,dynamin-related protein 1,and mitochondrial fission protein 1.Results:Parkin overexpression attenuated MPP+-induced mitochondrial damage,increased mitochon-drial activity and AΨm.BYQZF increased the survival of MPP+-induced cells that overexpressed Parkin and upregulated the mitochondrial form factor and activity.It also inhibited a decrease in the ΔΨm and ATP levels.These findings suggested that BYQZF protected against MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced the protective effect of Parkin overexpression.Furthermore,the formula upregulated the expression of the fusion proteins mitofusin1,mitofusin2,and optic atrophy 1 (closely related to mitochondrial quality remodeling),and reduced the expression of the fission protein dynamic-related protein 1,as well as mitochondrial fission protein 1.Conclusion:The mechanism by which BYQZF increased the mitochondrial protective effect of Parkin gene overexpression in MPP+-induced cells may be related to improving mitochondrial function and regulating the balance of mitochondrial division and fusion proteins.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between iodine nutrition level and thyroid function in women in early pregnancy and to analyze the risk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.Meth-ods:A retrospective analysis of 566 early pregnant women who underwent routine prenatal examinations from Oc-tober 2020 to May 2022 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.Their general clinical information,urinary iodine concentration and thyroid function were collected to determine the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in early pregnancy.According to different iodine nutrient levels,they were divided into the iodine deficiency group(UIC＜150 μg/g),iodine beyond appropriate group(250 μg/g ≤ UIC＜500 μg/g),iodine excess group(UIC ≥500 μg/g),iodine appropriate group(150 μg/g≤UIC＜250 μg/g)and iodine nutrition abnormality group(inclu-ding iodine deficiency,iodine beyond appropriate,and iodine excess).The incidence of thyroid disease was com-pared and analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of the adverse pregnancy outcomes(including hypertensive disorders in pregnancy,gestational diabetes mellitus,preterm delivery,miscar-riage,and low birth weight infants).Results:①The median urinary iodine/creatinine ratio of the 566 pregnant women in early pregnancy was 99 μg/g,indicating an overall iodine deficiency level.The abnormal rate of iodine nutrition was 82.9％(including 73.0％in iodine deficiency group,7.4％in iodine beyond appropriate group and 2.5％in iodine excess group),but only 17.1％in appropriate group.②There was no significant difference in the incidence of thyroid dysfunction(including hypothyroidism,subclinical hypothyroidism,and simple positive TPO-Ab)among groups with different levels of iodine nutrition(P＞0.05).However,the incidence of thyroid dys-function in pregnant women with iodine nutrition abnormalitieswas higher than that in pregnant women with moder-ate iodine and the difference was statistically significant(20.3％vs.11.3％,x2=4.198,P=0.04).③Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age(≥35 years),body mass index(≥24 kg/m2)and abnormal iodine nutrition were independent risk factors of the adverse pregnancy outcomes(OR＞1,P＜0.05).Conclusions:The rate of abnormal iodine nutrition in early pregnancy is more than 80％,indicating an overall iodine deficiency state Abnormal iodine nutrition is a risk factor of adverse pregnancy outcomes.It is recommended to monitor the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in early pregnancy,provide iodine supplementation or low iodine diet according to different iodine nutrition levels,correct abnormal iodine nutrition during pregnancy,and strengthen health educa-tion intervention to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between iodine nutrition level and thyroid function in women in early pregnancy and to analyze the risk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.Meth-ods:A retrospective analysis of 566 early pregnant women who underwent routine prenatal examinations from Oc-tober 2020 to May 2022 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.Their general clinical information,urinary iodine concentration and thyroid function were collected to determine the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in early pregnancy.According to different iodine nutrient levels,they were divided into the iodine deficiency group(UIC＜150 μg/g),iodine beyond appropriate group(250 μg/g ≤ UIC＜500 μg/g),iodine excess group(UIC ≥500 μg/g),iodine appropriate group(150 μg/g≤UIC＜250 μg/g)and iodine nutrition abnormality group(inclu-ding iodine deficiency,iodine beyond appropriate,and iodine excess).The incidence of thyroid disease was com-pared and analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of the adverse pregnancy outcomes(including hypertensive disorders in pregnancy,gestational diabetes mellitus,preterm delivery,miscar-riage,and low birth weight infants).Results:①The median urinary iodine/creatinine ratio of the 566 pregnant women in early pregnancy was 99 μg/g,indicating an overall iodine deficiency level.The abnormal rate of iodine nutrition was 82.9％(including 73.0％in iodine deficiency group,7.4％in iodine beyond appropriate group and 2.5％in iodine excess group),but only 17.1％in appropriate group.②There was no significant difference in the incidence of thyroid dysfunction(including hypothyroidism,subclinical hypothyroidism,and simple positive TPO-Ab)among groups with different levels of iodine nutrition(P＞0.05).However,the incidence of thyroid dys-function in pregnant women with iodine nutrition abnormalitieswas higher than that in pregnant women with moder-ate iodine and the difference was statistically significant(20.3％vs.11.3％,x2=4.198,P=0.04).③Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age(≥35 years),body mass index(≥24 kg/m2)and abnormal iodine nutrition were independent risk factors of the adverse pregnancy outcomes(OR＞1,P＜0.05).Conclusions:The rate of abnormal iodine nutrition in early pregnancy is more than 80％,indicating an overall iodine deficiency state Abnormal iodine nutrition is a risk factor of adverse pregnancy outcomes.It is recommended to monitor the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in early pregnancy,provide iodine supplementation or low iodine diet according to different iodine nutrition levels,correct abnormal iodine nutrition during pregnancy,and strengthen health educa-tion intervention to improve pregnancy outcomes.