BACKGROUND:Stimulation of the pudendal nerve as a target can improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury, by adjusting the frequency, intensity, pulse width, as wel as regulating synergistic effect of detrusor and urethral sphincter. OBJECTIVE: To assess the research status of electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. METHODS: We searched the folowing databases for articles addressing electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve for neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controled Trials (CENTRAL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and VIP Database. The search was updated to July 2014, and the reference lists of the identified studies were manualy screened for additional studies. The study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by two reviewers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fourteen studies were included in this review. We derived the folowing points by analyzing the included studies: Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve has positive effects on rehabilitation of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury; pudendal nerve electrical stimulation can modulate the coordination of the detrusor and the external urethral sphincter, improve the bladder compliance and restore bladder function by regulating pudendal-to-bladder reflex and spinal reflexes to the bladder. Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve may be potentialy implemented as a feasible treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury. More high quality researches should be conducted to clarify the efficacy and the potential active mechanisms of pudendal nerve electrical stimulation for neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury because the number of clinical reports published in this study area is limited, neurophysiological mechanisms underlying biphasic regulation of frequency on bladder function are not wel known, and which intensity of pudendal nerve electrical stimulation is more effective than others for the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury remains unknown.

Objective To observe the expression changes of inflammatory cytokines of human tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) under uniaxial stretching.Methods TDSCs were isolated from human gracilis tendon by collagenase digestion at very low density.Cells were detected for surface markers by flow cytometry,and tested for multi-differentiation potential in vitro.Repetitive uniaxial stretching was applied on the cells at 0％,4％,8％ or 10％ strain.Under the microscopy,cell alignment was observed after mechanical stretching.Expressions of inflammation factors COX-2 and MMP-1 were detected by qPCR and western blotting.Results TDSCs were successfully isolated from human gracilis tendon.Inflammatory cytokines CD29,CD44 and CD105 were positive,but CD45 and CD14 were negative.TDSCs could differentiate into osteocytes,adipocytes and chondrocytes in vitro.Cells were not realigned4 hours after mechanical stretching.MMP-1 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated at 4％ strain (0.090 ± 0.007) compared to that at 0％ strain (0.247 ± 0.032,P ＜ 0.05).No significant difference was found in COX-2 mRNA expression at 4％ and 8％ strain (both was 0.005 ±0.001,P ＞0.05).MMP-1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions at 8％ strain (0.168 ± 0.040 and 0.007 ± 0.001)revealed no significant differences from those at 0％ strain (0.134 ±0.075 and 0.006 ±0.003) (P ＞0.05),whereas at 10％ strain MMP-1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions were significantly up-regulated (0.047 ± 0.003 and 0.496 ± 0.036) compared to those at 0％ strain (0.011 ± 0.003 and 0.005 ± 0.003)(P ＜ 0.05).Changes in MMP-1 and COX-2 protein expressions revealed similar trend as their mRNA expressions.In contrast to the setting of 0％ strain,4％ strain induced down-regulated MMP-1 and COX-2 proteins,8％ strain induced no significant changes in MMP-1 and COX-2 proteins,and 10％ strain induced up-regulated COX-2 protein despite minor increase in MMP-1 protein.Conclusions Mechanical stretching can affect the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.Low tensile stretch is associated with decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines while high tensile stretch promotes secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Objective To explore the relationship between thyroid hormone and colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAP) in middle-aged and elderly people.Methods We surveyed 3 042 middle-aged employees and retirees aged 45 years and over at a petrochemical enterprise of Ningbo.Their colonoscopic findings,body mass index,waist circumference and thyroid function were analyzed.Results Age and serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) of females with CAP were higher than those of the corresponding non-CAP group,so were age and waist circumference of males with CAP (P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,these differences were statistically significant.The detection rate of CAP was significantly higher in males than in females (x2 =49.418,P ＜ 0.01).The detection rate of CAP was higher in females with higher levels of FT3.Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses showed the effects of thyroid hormone on the CAP differed by gender.Age and FT3 (OR =1.60,95％ CI:1.12-2.28,P =0.01) were correlated with CAP in females.However,only age and waist circumference were correlated with CAP in males.Conclusion Elevated FT3 may be a risk factor of CAP in elderly females.The detection rate of CAP may not be affected by FT3 levels in males.

Objective To study the different proteins of human and environment Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and TOF-TOF-MS. Methods Total cellular pro-tein was extracted by lysate from V. cholerae, and proteins were separated by 2-DE under immobilized pH gradients(IPG), then electrophoregrams were dealed with coomassie brilliant blue, and analyzed by Im-ageMaster 2D Elite 5.0, finally the different protein spots were identified by TOF-TOF-MS. Results High repetitive 2-DE maps were obtained. 2-DE and image analysis revealed 1032±22 protein spots, and PI value was among 4.00 to 7.20. Matching spots were 1025±24 in two repeats electrophoregrams and matching ratio was 96.30%. Conclusion The different protein spots were successfully established with high quality and sharpness separation by 2-DE and TOF-TOF-MS, which stands as a valuable resource for proteomics re-search of V. cholerae.

BACKGROUND:Apoptosis of islet cel s is closely related to the long-term hyperglycemia-and hyperlipemia-induced injuries. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Shizidaiping formula on the apoptosis and insulin secretion in MIN6 cel s under the high glucose and lipid environment, and to explore the protective effect of Shizidaiping formula and the related apoptosis mechanism. METHODS:MIN6 cel s were divided into normal, model, melbine, low-, medium-and high-dose Shizidaiping formula groups. The cel activity was examined by cel counting kit-8, the insulin secretion was measured by ELISA, the rate of apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC&PI and the expression levels of MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were examined by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Shizidaiping formula significantly improved MIN6 cel activity under high glucose and lipid condition (P<0.05), decreased early cel apoptosis, increased the level of insulin stimulated by low glucose in cel supernatant (P<0.05), and improved the expression levels of MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 (P<0.05). These results suggest that Shizidaiping formula can protect islet cel s from hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia damage by improving the activity of MIN6 cel s, reducing the insulin secretion and inhibiting the apoptosis of pancreaticβcel s in MIN6 cel s.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of two-stage bone transport combined with induced membrane technique in the treatment of post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis.Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the 14 patients with post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis who had been treated by two-stage bone transport combined with induced membrane technique from February 2009 to August 2015.They were 12 males and 2 females,aged from 26 to 59 years (average,40.4 years).By the Cierny & Mader classification,they all belonged to type Ⅳ.Their disease course ranged from 6 to 30 months,averaging 15.3 months.The number of their previous operations ranged from 2 to 6 times,averaging 3.3 times.In the first stage of operation,tibial extended external fixation was installed according to preoperative design,followed by early debridement and extensive removal of osteomyelitis lesion.The length of bone defect after resection of osteomyelitis lesion was from 4 to 18 cm (average,8.5 cm).10％ vancomycin-contained polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement was molded and placed in the bone defects.In the second stage of operation,the PMMA-induced membrane was opened to remove the PMMA bone cement,the bone marrow was drilled through and the induced membrane was then sutured up.Tibial osteotomy was conducted at an appropriate part.The average interval between the first and second stages was from 4 to 7 weeks (average,4.8 weeks).The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the Paley criteria at final follow-ups.Complications were recorded.Results All the patients were followed up for 15 to 50 months (17.5 months).No relapse of osteomyelitis occurred.The total treatment time ranged from 11 to 19 months,with an average of 14.7 months.The total time for external fixation was from 10 to 18 months,averaging 13.2 months.The external fixator indexes ranged from 31 to 75 day/cm,with an average of 48.5 day/cm.According to Paley criteria at final follow-ups,the clinical efficacy was excellent in 11 and good in 3 cases.Pin tract infection occurred in 9 patients,mal-alignment after removal of external fixation in 6,and malunion or nonunion at the docking site in 5.Conclusions Two-stage bone transport combined with induced membrane technique can cure thoroughly post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis.Its operation procedures are simple but effective.

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of one-stage revision combined with intra-articular infusion of vancomycin in the treatment of chronic prosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Enterococcal. Methods: From May 2013 to June 2020,the clinical data of 9 patients (2 males and 7 females) with chronic Enterococcal PJI treated with one-stage revision using intra-articular infusion of vancomycin at Department of Orthopaedics,First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were retrospectively analyzed,including 8 hips and 1 knee.A total of 9 patients with age of (63.9±11.7)years (range:43 to 76 years) were included, and the body mass index was (23.6±4.3)kg/m² (range:18 to 30 kg/m²).There were 6 cases with antibiotic history and 5 cases with sinus tract.The joint fluid,infected tissue around the prosthesis and ultrasonic shock fluid of the prosthesis were collected during operation for microbial culture identification and drug sensitivity test.After thorough debridement of the infected site and removal of the infected prosthesis,a new prosthesis was implanted,then the drainage tube in the operation area was placed.After surgery,vancomycin(1.0 g,q12 h) was combined with intra-articular vancomycin(0.5 g,qd) in monomicrobial PJI,and vancomycin(1.0 g,q12 h) was combined with intra-articular vancomycin (0.5 g,qd) and imipenem/meropenem (0.5 g,qd),and the interval between the two drugs was 12 hours in polymicrobial PJI.Hip and knee functions were evaluated by Harris Hip Score or Knee Society Score(KSS),respectively.The comparison of hip function scores before and after operation was performed by paired t-test. Results: All patients were followed up for (60±39)months(range:24 to 110 months).Two cases were infected with Enterococcus faecium and 7 cases were infected with Enterococcus faecalis.There were 7 cases of monomicrobial infection and 2 cases of polymicrobial infection.Erythromycin(5/9),tetracycline(4/9),ciprofloxacin and β-lactam antibiotics(3/9) were the top three antibiotics in Enterococci resistance rate.The sensitive antibiotics for Enterococcal were vancomycin,linezolid and tigecycline.The average duration of intravenous antibiotics was (14±1)days (range:13 to 17 days),and the average duration of antibiotics in articular cavity was (15±2)days(range:11 to 20 days).Mean duration of oral antibiotic use after discharge was (2±1)months(range:1 to 3 months).One case of polymicrobial PJI treatment failed,with a failure rate of 1/9.At last follow-up,the Harris score of patients with hip PJI increased from (43±6)points to (84±6)points(t=-11.899, P<0.01). KSS score of knee function was improved from 33 point pre-operatively to 85 point post-operatively;overall function score was improved from 35 point pre-operatively to 80 point post-operatively.During the treatment,no formation of sinus tract of the hip joint caused by a catheter,skin necrosis at the knee puncture site or leakage of joint fluid;no complications such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurred. Conclusions: One-stage revision combined with intra-articular infusion of vancomycin can achieve acceptable infection control rate and joint function in patients with chronic Enterococcus PJI.However,the treatment of polymicrobial PJI still needs to be further verified.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Vancomycin/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Enterococcus ; Prostheses and Implants ; Inflammation