Objective To investigate the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) transplantation after mannitol pretreatment on behavioral performance and synaptophysin expression in the CA3 region in hippocampus of vascular dementia (VD) rats.Methods The BMSCs of rats were isolated and purified by the whole bone marrow adherence method.The rats were subjected for permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries at an interval of 3 days for each carotid artery.At the same time,Sham group was set in parallel.Four weeks after modeling,the VD rats were divided randomly into five groups:(1) VD control group; (2) culture media group; (3) mannitol group; (4) BMSCs group;(5) mannitol with BMSCs group.Morris water maze performance and synaptophysin expression in the CA3 region in hippocampus were observed at 4 weeks after transplantation.Results The morris water maze performance significantly improved in mannitol with BMSCs group when compared with BMSCs group,VD control group,culture media group,mannitol group.Moreover,the escape latency of fifth day decreased significantly ((9.3 ±2.9),(14.1 ±3.5),(23.5 ±4.4),(22.8 ±4.4),(23.2 ±2.8) s,F =43.900,P =0.000)),and the platform quadrant residence time increased significantly ((40.8 ± 6.3),(34.9 ±5.8),(26.4±4.8),(27.4 ±7.0),(28.5 ±6.2) s,F=13.000,P=0.000)).The synaptophysin expressions of the hippocampal CA3 region were significantly increased in the mannitol with BMSCs group (39 624 ± 7798) when compared with BMSCs group,VD control group,culture media group,mannitol group (27060 ±4668,18 294 ±6446,19 956 ±4244,18 946 ±4953,F =39.206,P =0.000).Conclusions Intravenous BMSCs transplantation after mannitol pretreatment improves the behavioral performance of VD rats and facilitates the synaptophysin expression of hippocampal CA3 region in VD rats than BMSCs transplantation alone.Mannitol pretreatment can amplify the therapeutic effect of intravenous BMSCs transplantation in VD rats.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming a global social problem. It is important to slow down the progression of CKD for economic and social concerns. In recent years, it has been found that colon is one of the vital organs which produce uremic toxins. And enterogenous uremic toxins are closely related to the prognosis of CKD. Theory of gut-kidney axis for the slowdown of CKD progression was raised by foreign scholars and became the research hot spot. Colon therapy with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in clinical practice and is believed to slow down the progression of CKD by numerous clinical reports. However, low re-search quality and ambiguous results limited its further application. Under the guidance of senior TCM Professor Huang Chunlin, who emphasized the method of draining turbidity through bowels in the management of CKD, from the Nephrology Center, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, as well as the modern theory of gut-kidney axis, we had carried out a series of exploratory researches which will provide data and methodology support for further confirmatory studies and improve its effectiveness.

Mouse cortical radial glial cells (RGCs) are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and olfactory bulb (OB) GABAergic interneurons in late embryogenesis. There are fundamental gaps in understanding how these diverse cell subtypes are generated. Here, by combining single-cell RNA-Seq with intersectional lineage analyses, we show that beginning at around E16.5, neocortical RGCs start to generate ASCL1