Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the main therapy for epilepsy.There are many kinds of ASMs with complex mechanism of action, so it is difficult for pharmacists to examine prescriptions.This paper put forward some suggestions on the indications, dosage forms/routes of administration, appropriateness of usage and dosage, combined medication and drug interaction, long-term prescription review, individual differences in pathophysiology of children, and drug selection when complicated with common epilepsy, for the reference of doctors and pharmacists.

Objective:To explore the application value of urine γ-synuclein (SNCG) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.Methods:A total of urine samples from 129 patients with bladder cancer (malignant lesion group), 157 patients with urinary system benign lesions (benign lesion group), and 177 healthy people (the healthy control group) from January 2017 to April 2020 in the Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University and Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital were collected. The concentration of SNCG in the collected urine was detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to determine its sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.Results:The urine SNCG concentration in malignant lesion group [4.28 ng/ml (0.53-8.79 ng/ml)] was higher than that in healthy controls [1.44 ng/ml (0.56-3.51) ng/ml, H = 122.9, P < 0.01] and benign lesion group [1.97 ng/ml (0.51-5.87) ng/ml, H = 88.2, P < 0.01], and the concentration of urine SNCG in benign lesion group was higher than that in healthy controls ( H = 17.1, P < 0.01). ROC area under the curve (AUC) of urine SNCG in differentiating benign lesion group from healthy controls was 0.871(95% CI 0.819-0.923, P < 0.01), the best cut-off value was 2.79 ng/ml, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 0.798 and 0. 977, respectively. AUC of urine SNCG in differentiating malignant lesion group from benign lesion group was 0.823(95% CI 0.769-0.877, P < 0.01), the best cut-off value was 3.54 ng/ml, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 0.713 and 0.917, respectively. AUC of urine SNCG in differentiating malignant lesion group from healthy controls plus benign lesion group was 0.848 (95% CI 0.797-0.899, P < 0.01), the best cut-off value was 2.87 ng/ml, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 0.791 and 0.901, respectively. Conclusions:The concentration of SNCG in urine of patients with bladder cancer is higher than that of patients with benign urinary lesions and healthy people. Urine SNCG has a good application value in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Objective:To master the current situation of prevention and control of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province, and to provide basic data for control and evaluation of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis.Methods:From June to December 2019, in accordance with the requirements of the "National Drinking Water-Borne Fluorosis Monitoring Program (2019 Edition)" and "Shandong Province Drinking Water-Borne Fluorosis Monitoring Program (2019 Edition)", cross-sectional survey method was used to monitor the operation of the water supply projects, the fluorine content in drinking water, and the condition of children with dental fluorosis in all the disease affected villages of the drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis counties (cities, districts) in 16 cities of Shandong Province. Water fluorine was detected by "Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water-Nonmetal Parameters" (GB/T 5750.5-2006), and in accordance with the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality" (GB 5749-2006), the water fluorine content was judged to be qualified or not. The examination and determination of dental fluorosis in children adopted "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" (WS/T 208-2011), and the detection rate of dental fluorosis was calculated, the detection rates of dental fluorosis were compared between water improvement villages and villages without water improvement, qualified water fluorine and unqualified water fluorine villages.Results:There were 9 475 drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis villages in 105 counties (cities, districts) in Shandong Province, of which 9 370 were water improvement villages, and the water improvement rate was 98.89%. Among all the water improvement villages, there were 9 318 projects in normal operation, 45 intermittent projects and 7 scrapped projects. Among all the drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis villages, 8 254 villages were qualified in water fluorine, and the qualified rate of water fluorine was 87.11% (8 254/9 475); among water improvement villages, 8 210 villages were qualified in water fluorine, and the qualified rate of water fluorine was 87.62% (8 210/9 370); among the villages without water improvement, 44 villages were qualified in water fluorine, and the qualified rate of water fluorine was 41.90% (44/105). The qualified rate of water fluorine in water improvement village was significantly higher than that in villages without water improvement (χ 2 = 193.31, P < 0.05). The detection rates of dental fluorosis in children in water improvement villages and villages without water improvement were 8.92% (25 624/287 405) and 12.70% (271/2 134), respectively, and the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children in villages without water improvement was higher than that in water improvement villages (χ 2 = 37.23, P < 0.05). The detection rates of dental fluorosis in children in qualified water fluorine and unqualified water fluorine villages were 7.98% (20 200/253 082) and 15.62% (5 695/36 457), respectively, and the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children in unqualified water fluorine villages was higher than that in qualified water fluorine villages (χ 2 = 2 283.76, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Water improvement and fluorine reduction measures have been implemented in most drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis villages in Shandong Province, the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children in water improvement villages is lower than that in villages without water improvement. However, attention should be paid to the situation of water fluorine exceeding the standard and later management and maintenance to prevent the rebound of the disease.

Objective: To understand the health literacy and relevant factors of cancer prevention consciousness in Chinese urban residents from 2015 to 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information of demographic characteristics and cancer prevention consciousness focusing on nine common risk factors, including smoking, alcohol, fiber food, food in hot temperature or pickled food, chewing betel nut, helicobacter pylori, moldy food, hepatitis B infection, estrogen, and exercise. The logistic regression model was adopted to identify the influencing factors. Results: The overall health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness was 77.4% (24 980 participants), with 77.4% (12 018 participants), 79.9% (6 406 participants), 77.2% (1 766 participants) and 74.5% (4 709 participants) in each group (P<0.001). The correct response rates for nine risk factors ranged from 55.2% to 93.0%. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with community residents, people with primary school level education or below, and the number of people living together in the family <3, the cancer risk assessment/screening intervention population, cancer patients, those with junior high school level educationor above and the number of people living in the family ≥3 had better health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness (all P values <0.05). Compared with females, 39 years old and below, government-affiliated institutions or civil servants, from the eastern region, males, older than 40 years, company or enterprise employees, and from the middle or western region had worse health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness (all P values <0.05). Conclusion The health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness in Chinese urban residents should be improved. The cancer screening intervention, gender, age, education, occupation, the number of people co-living in the family, and residential region were associated with the health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness.

Objective: To understand the consciousness of the cancer early detection among urban residents and identify the influencing factors from 2015 to 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. Self-designed questionnaires were used to collect population, socioeconomic indicators, self-cancer risk assessment, regular participation in physical examination and other information. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors of people who had not regularly participated in the regular physical examination in the past five years. Results: The self-assessment results of 32 357 residents showed that there were 27.54% (8 882) of total study population with self-reported cancer risk, 45.48% (14 671) without cancer risk and 26.98% (8 704) with unclear judgement on their own cancer risk. Among population with cancer risk, 79.84% (7 091) considered physical examination accounted. In the past five years, there were 21 105 (65.43%) residents participated in regular physical examination and 11 148 (34.56%) participated in non-scheduled one, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with unmarried and western region residents, divorced, middle and eastern region residents had a stronger consciousness to participate in the regular physical examination (P<0.05). Compare with residents with annual household income less than 20 000 CNY in 2014, cancer risk assessment/screening intervention population, and self-assessment with cancer risk, residents with annual household income between 20 000 CNY and 59 000 CNY in 2014, occupational population, community residents, cancer patients, self-reported cancer-free risk, and self-assessment with unclear judgement of cancer risk were less likely to participate in the regular physical examination (all P values <0.05). Conclusion From 2015 to 2017, the Chinese urban residents had a acceptable consciousness of the cancer early detection. The marital status, annual household income, population group and self-assessment of cancer risk were related to the consciousness of the cancer early detection of people who had not participated in the regular physical examination in the past five years.

Objective: To understand the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis among urban residents and identify the related factors from 2015 to 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The general demographic characteristics, the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis (whether people would have a willingness or encourage their relatives/friends to confirm the abnormal results once which were detected from the physical examination) and other information were collected by using the self-designed questionnaire. The non-conditional logistic regression model was used to identify the relateol factors related to the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis. Results: As for residents with abnormal result from the physical examination, 89.29% (28 802) of residents would choose to seek medical treatment for further diagnosis. If their relatives/friends had abnormal results from the physical examination, 89.55% (28 886) of residents would encourage their relatives/friends to confirm the diagnosis in time. The non-conditional logistic regression model analysis showed that compared with the public institution staff/civil servants, annual household income less than 20 000 CNY, the western region and the cancer risk assessment/screening intervention population, the company staff, annual household income about 40 000 CNY and more, and the residents from the middle and eastern region had a stronger consciousness to seek further diagnosis; while the unemployed residents and community residents were less likely to seek further diagnosis (P<0.05). Conclusions From 2015 to 2017, the Chinese urban residents had a good consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis. Occupation, annual household income, residential region and population group were related to the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis.

Objective: To understand the consciousness of the cancer early treatment and its demographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The questionnaire collected personal information, the consciousness of the cancer early treatment and relevant factors. The Chi square test was used to compare the difference between the consciousness of the cancer early treatment and relevant factors among the four groups. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors related to the consciousness of the cancer early treatment. Results: With the assumption of being diagnosed as precancer or cancer, 89.97% of community residents, 91.84% of cancer risk assessment/screening population, 93.00% of cancer patients and 91.52% of occupational population would accept active treatments (P<0.001). If the immediate family members were diagnosed as precancer or cancer, people who would encourage their family members to receive early treatment in the four groups accounted for 91.96%, 91.94%, 92.44% and 91.55%, respectively (P<0.001). The company employees, annual household income with 40 000 yuan and more and other three groups had a relatively better consciousness of the cancer early treatment (P<0.05). Male, widowed, unemployed and from the central and western regions had a relatively worse consciousness of the cancer early treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion Residents in urban China participants had a good consciousness of the cancer early treatment. The marital status, occupation, annual household income and residential regions were major factors related to the consciousness of the cancer early treatment.

Objective: To understand the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment among urban residents of China, and explore the related factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The health literacy of the cancer prevention, early discovery, early diagnosis, early treatment and the demands of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was analyzed. The level of health literacy among different groups were calculated and compared. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment. Results: The level of health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment was 56.97% among all study population; in each group it was 55.01% for community residents, 59.08% for cancer risk assessment/screening population, 61.99% for cancer patients and 57.31% for occupational population, respectively (P<0.001). The level of health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment of residents aged 50 to 69 years old, other occupational groups, unmarried, the central and western region residents and the group with unclear self-assessment of cancer risk was significantly lower than that of residents younger than 40 years old, personnel of public institutions/civil servants, married, the eastern region residents and the group whose self-assessment without cancer risk (P<0.05) . The level of health literacy of cancer prevention and treatment of females, people who went to high school or over, cancer risk assessment/screening population, cancer patients and occupational population was significantly higher than that of males, people who had an education level of primary school or below and community residents (P<0.05) . Conclusion The health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment of urban residents in China was relatively high, but there was still room for improvement. Gender, age, educational level, occupation, region, marital status, self-assessment of cancer risk, and type of respondents were the key influencing factors of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment. Male, 50-69 years old, lower educational level, central and western regions, unclear cancer risk self-assessment, and without specific environmental exposure to cancer prevention and treatment knowledge or related risk factors were the characteristics of the key intervention group of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment.

Objective: To investigate the demand and access to the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge and related factors among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information of general demographic characteristics, the demand and access to cancer prevention and treatment knowledge, and the influencing factors of the attitude. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of the demand of the cancer prevention knowledge among different groups and the corresponding factors of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge were analyzed by using the logistic regression model. Results: The proportion of residents who need the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was 79.5%. The demand rate of the inducement, symptom and diagnosis methods of cancer in the occupational population was highest, about 66.8%, 71.0% and 20.8%, respectively. The demand rate of treatment methods and cost in current cancer patients was the highest, about the 45.9% and 21.9%, respectively. The top three sources to acquire the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge were "broadcast or television" (69.5%), "books, newspapers, posters or brochures" (44.7%) and "family and friends" (33.8%). The multivariate analysis showed that compared with public institution personnel/civil servants, unmarried/cohabiting/divorced/widowed and others, annual household income less than 20 000 CNY, from the eastern region, people without cancer diagnosis and people with self-assessment of cancer risk, the demand rate of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was higher in enterprise personnel/workers, married, annual household income between 60 000 CNY and 150 000 CNY, from the central region, people with cancer and people with unclear cancer risk (all P values <0.05). Conclusion There was a high demand for the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017. The main access to the knowledge is from the radio or television. The occupation, marital status, annual household income, residential region, health status and risk of disease were the main factors of the demand of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge.

Objective To discuss the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus and septate uterus and propose a quantitative indicator in distinguishing arcuate uterus and septate uterus.Methods Ninety-six patients with suspected congenital uterine malformation underwent 3D sonography to assess uterine anomalies at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from August 2011 to March 2013.Uterine coronal section was reconstructed and measured in onmi view imaging mode of 3D sonography.Then qualitative diagnosis and categorization was done.The results were compared with diagnosis of hysteroscopy,hysteroscopy combined with laparoscope to determine the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive values,negative predictive values and total accuracy of 3D sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus,partial and complete septate uterus respectively.The variable was created in coronal section of uterus constructed through 3D imaging mode to differentiate arcuate uterus from septate uterus.Results There were 33 cases (34.4％,33/96) of arcuate uterus,54 cases (56.2％,54/96) of partial septate uterus and 9 cases (9.4％,9/96) of complete uterus in 96 cases diagnosed by 3D sonography.The accuracy of 3D sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus and septate uterus was 86.5％.We concluded that 3D sonography had 100％ sensitivity,82.9％ specificity,60.6％ positive predictive value and 100％negative predictive value in the diagnosis of arcuate uterus.The sensitivity of 3D sonography for diagnosis of partial septate uterus was 80.6％,the specificity was 100％,the positive predictive value was 100％,and the negative predictive value was 69.1％.The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive values of 3D sonography for detecting complete septate uterus were all 100％.The ratio of depth of uterine internal indentation and depth from uterine fundus to the top of intemal indentation was more than 50％ for septate uterus,while less than 50％ for most of the arcuate uterus.Conclusions The diagnostic efficiency of 3D sonography in specific uterine malformation is different.The new quantitative indicator maybe helpful in improving the accuracy of 3D sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus and septate uterus.