Objective:To prepare highly purified Staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB) by affinity chromatography and test its activities.Methods:Anti-SEB McAb(1D2) purified by precipitation method with caprylic acid was coupled to Sepharose 4B. And then the SEB was isolated using an affinity chromatography column. In addition, we analyzed the superantigen activity and antigen activity of SEB.Results:The purification efficiency of SEB was 60.71% by affinity chromatography. Its purity was higher than those of standard preparation and the SEB purified by ion change chromatography. At the same time, the purified SEB by affinity chromatography possesses favourable activities of superantigen and antigen.Conclusion:McAb affinity chromatography could be used for purification of SEB with high efficiency.

According to the results of quantum chemistry calculation and the present research status in the relationship between the structures and the functions of DT, the E154 in DT catalyzing domain was mutated to aspartic acid and arginine in order to study the effects of the alteration on the biological activities. By means of gene site-direct mutation, two mutated genes were prepared and the high performance expression was obtained in E.coli system. The results of toxcity studies indicated that the acute toxicity in guinea pig and cytotoxicities of mutant E154D increased slightly in compared with those of recombination wild toxin, and contrarily, those of E154R decreased obviously.

Objective To assess the toxicity risks of diphenylchlorarsine (DA) to environments, human beings and livestock. Methods Totally 120 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and given DA by gastric gavage at the doses of 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 22 mg/kg respectively for LD_(50) of DA in mice. The toxicity of DA in rat skin were evaluated by smearing 50 ?l DA at the concentrations of 140, 70, 35, 17.5, and 8.8 mg/ml to an area of 4 cm2, and that of eyes exposure was carried out by dropping 10 ?l DA of 140.7, 70, 7, 0.7 mg/ml in rat eyes. The counterpart skin area and eyes served as control. Results LD_(50) of DA in mice was 28.07 mg/kg, the estimated doses for no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOELs) were 8.8 mg/ml (0.44 mg) to the skin and 0.7 mg/ml (0.014 mg) to the eyes respectively. Conclusion DA can induce the injuries on the liver, kidneys, esophagus and stomach. High concentration of DA can cause inflammation of the skin and lens opacification, even blind.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of the polymorphism in manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) gene in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy.

METHODSThe Ala(-9)Val polymorphism of the Mn-SOD gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing in 198 normal control subjects and 264 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, among them there were 139 non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR) subjects and 125 subjects with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

RESULTSThere was no statistic difference in the frequencies of VV genotype and V allele between the type 2 diabetic group and the control group. However, the frequencies of VV genotype and V allele were significantly higher in the DR group than that in the NDR group (chi-square (2)=5.015, P=0.025; chi(2)=10.253, P=0.001),but there was no statistic difference in the NDR group compared with the control group (P > 0.05). The presence of V allele was shown to be associated with diabetic retinopathy (OR=1.96, 95%CI: 1.29-2.97). Furthermore, the subjects carrying the VV genotype had lower serum Mn-SOD level (P=0.025) and had a tendency of higher total serum SOD activity, but this tendency had no statistic significance.

CONCLUSIONThe Ala(-9)Val polymorphism in the Mn-SOD gene may not be related to the etiology of type 2 diabetes, but it seems to contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.

Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; DNA ; analysis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; genetics ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; etiology ; genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; genetics ; Superoxide Dismutase ; genetics

Skeletal muscle injury is a common disease in clinical practice,and an in-depth understanding of its repair mechanisms is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies.This paper focuses on the key role of TGF-β in skeletal muscle injury repair,introduces the diversity of its family members and signaling pathways,explores the expression and regulation part of TGF-β after skeletal muscle injury,analyzes its early expression dynamics and regulatory factors,and thoroughly investigates the effects of TGF-β on skeletal muscle repair,revealing its inflammatory regulation,cellular activation and proliferation as well as fibrosis.Key role.Special attention was paid to its mechanism of action in muscle regeneration and its regulatory mechanism at the cellular level.In addition,the potential clinical applications of TGF-β in the repair of skeletal muscle injury were discussed,and the development and application of it as a therapeutic target and modulator were explored.However,controversies and shortcomings still exist in the current study,such as the dual roles of TGF-β and the impact of individual differences on treatment.Future research directions should include digging deeper into the details of signaling pathways and biomarker discovery.By overcoming these challenges,the potential clinical application of TGF-β in skeletal muscle injury repair is expected to usher in new breakthroughs and provide patients with more individualized and effective treatment strategies.

Mineralocorticoid receptor(MR) overactivation plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease(DKD) by mediating pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic processes, making it a key therapeutic target for DKD. Finerenone, a third-generation, highly selective, novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist(MRA), mitigates MR overactivation through anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects and by improving the immune-inflammatory environment. This significantly reduces cardiovascular and renal composite endpoints in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and chronic kidney disease(CKD), and improve cardiorenal outcomes. Based on its novel molecular structure, Finerenone exhibits a lower incidence of adverse effects compared to the previous MRAs. This article elucidates the molecular structure and pathophysiological role of MR, and explores the molecular mechanisms through which finerenone provides cardiorenal benefits. It also discusses the advantages and safety of finerenone compared to first- and second-generation MRAs from a molecular structure perspective, providing evidence for its clinical application.

OBJECTIVE：To excavate the safety warning signals induced by azole antifungal agents ，including fluconazole ， ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole after marketing ，and to provide references for rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS：Reporting odds ratio （ROR）data mining algorithm was used to investigate signals of adverse drug event （ADE）for fluconazole，ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System （FAERS）during January 1st，2004 to March 30th，2019. ROR data mining method was used to excavate the ADR signals of the drugs ，and main ADR involved in the safety information of azole antifungal agents instructions were analyzed. RESULTS ：A total of 27 831，5 712， 5 381 and 11 333 reports were picked out for fluconazole ，ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole ，respectively. All of these drugs had exhibited high-risk signals detection by ROR ，including medical examination ，blood and lymphatic system disorders ， renal and urinary disorders ，endocrine diseases ，hepatobiliary disorders. The hepatotoxic-related ADR signals were mainly concentrated in fluconazole and voriconazole （fluconazole ROR ＝6.51，voriconazole ROR ＝14.65）；ADR detection results of Cushing’s-like syndrome （ROR＝24.86） and adrenal suppression （ROR＝44.06） by itraconazole showed high-risk signals ； ketoconazole and itraconazole had showed a strong ADR signal in adrenocortical dysfunction （ketoconazole ROR ＝15.64， itraconazole ROR ＝23.26），and the signal intensity of ketoconazole （ROR＝2.81）in skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders was significantly higher than that of other drugs . In addition ，hemorrhagic cystitis caused by fluconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole were not included in the drug instructions （fluconazole ROR ＝17.73，itraconazole ROR ＝31.43，voriconazole ROR ＝17.06）； netted green spot caused by fluconazole （ROR＝10.50）were not included in the drug instructions . CONCLUSIONS：Clinical staff should pay more attention to the differences in serious ADR related to fluconazole ，ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole ； particularly some ADRs not mentioned in the drug instructions but have high incidence such as hemorrhagic cystitis caused by fluconazole，itraconazole，voriconazole and netted green spot caused by fluconazole ，as well as ADRs mentioned in the drug instructions but have abnormally high signal ，such as Cushing ’s-like syndrome and adrenal suppression caused by itraconazole .