Objective: To reveal if the use of antimicrobi als is rational in the authors hospital.　Methods: 1 025 cases were investigated retrospectively by systematic sampling from all the inp atients of the year 1997.　Results: 77.8% of the subjects were treated with antimicrobials, of whom, 55.2% treated with 2 or more antimicr obials. Yet only 39 cases had microbiological test before the administration of antimicrobials.　Conclusion: Inappropriate use of antimicr obials exists in the hospital. The management of the use of antimicrobials and c ontinuing education of medical doctors should be enhanced so as to make the use of antimicrobials more rational.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of artificial ventilation combined continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) with removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies for children and to explore the possibility and security of the method. Methods 60 children with tracheobronchial foreign body, underwent total intravenous anesthesia ,were randomly divided into A group and B group. Each group had 30 cases. A group was given artificial ventilation with CPAP. The bronchofibroscope was connected to anesthesia machine with side hole after induction for 3 minutes,and high fresh gas flow(10 ～ 15L/min) was given to maintain continuous positive airway pressure. B group were given high frequency jet ventilation(HFJV) ,60 ～ 100 bpm. The mask ventilation was given in stand of bronchofibroscope when SpO2 ＜ 90% and until SpO2 improved. MAP, HR, ECG, SpO2, PaO2, PaCO2 were monitored and recorded at time points: T0 (entered operation room), T1 (beginning of bronchofibroscopy), T2 (5 min after bronchofibroscopy), T3 (10 min after bronchofibroscopy), T4 (end of operation). The side effects, the rate of fail to bronchofibroscopy and the rate of intubations after operation in two groups were observed and recorded. Results The HR of post-anesthesia in two groups significantly decreased than those at T0 (P ＜ 0.01), but no difference showed in HR between two groups(P ＞ 0.05). SpO2 and PaO2 of post-anesthesia in two groups significantly increased than those at T0 (P ＜0. 01) ,PaO2 at T1 ,T2 ,T3 in A group were significantly higher than those in B group(P ＜0.05). PaCO2 gradually increased after bronchofibroscopy in two groups ,and the values in A group was significantly lower than in B group(P ＜0.05 or 0. 01). There were no significant differences in the rates of fail to bronchofibroscopy and of intubations after operation between two groups, but the total number of B group was higher. Conclusion Artificial ventilation with CPAP for children with removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies was safe and practical, and has a better controllability, a minor effect to respiratory function, deserve popularizing.

Objective To investigate whether ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction can effectively deliver pEGFP-N1 plasmid into human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).Methods The primary cultured HGFs were divided into 4 groups,that is,plasmid,microbubble+plasmid,ultrasound+plasmid,and ultrasound+microbubble+plasmid groups.pEGFP-N1 plasmid was used to transfect to HGFs as a gene marker with ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction.The last group was further divided into subgroups to optimize the transfection conditions.After 48 h,phase-contrast fluorescent microscopy was employed to evaluate the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP).The cell vitality was measured by the MTT assay.Results The transfection efficiency of the ultrasound+microbubble+plasmid group was higher than other experiment groups.Optimal gene expression was found when ultrasound was radiated at 1.5 W/cm2 for 60 s,microbubble was at a concentration of 10% and plasmid was at a concentration of 6.67 ?g/ml,and the transfection efficiency was highest under this condition.Conclusion Under specific conditions,ultrasound mediated microbubble destruction enhances the reporter gene transfection and expression in HGFs.

This experiment was carried out in young adult albino mice,which were injectedwith Ehrlich ascites tumor cells intraperitoneally to produce Ehrlich ascites tumor.The animals were divided into 2 groups.The first group received cAMP plusaminophylline for 5 to 13 days after inoculation.The second group received saline ascontrol.We found that in the administration of cAMP together with aminophylline,thegrowth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was inhibited to the extent of 53% at the 9thdays after inoculation.Early or later than the 9th day,the inhibitory rates were marklylower.By using cAMP immunocytochemical method,it was found that on the9th day of inoculation,there was an increase of the intensity of intracellualr cAMPspecific fluorescence in tumor cells of the cAMP treated mice in comparison withthose of the control.It also inhibited the 3',5'-cAMP-PDE activity on the 5th to 7thday after inoculation.Under the dark field microscope on the surface of the Ehrlich tumor cells therewere numerous“brush-like”microvilli,but they were not visible on the surfaceafter treated with cAMP together with aminophylline.The agglutination by theCon.A,was decreased markly on the 7th to 9th day after the inoculation.The possible relationship between the level of intracellular cAMP and of the3',5'-cAMP-PDE,and especially the inhibition of the formation of microvilli onthe treated tumor cell surface is discussed in this paper.

In order to determine immunogenicity and protective effect in chickens, we used the IBDV (Infectious bursal disease virus)-Vp2/Lactobacillus casei as antigen transfer system. First, the immunized and control chickens were challenged by IBDV/DQ at lethal dose to determine the protective ratio. Second, chickens were orallyand intranasally vaccinated twice with 10(9) CFU/mL pLA-VP2/L. casei, pLA/L. casei and PBS as negativecontrol and commercial vaccine as positive control. The bursa injury and the lesion score wererecorded post challenge. The level of specific IgG and sIgA in pLA-VP2/L. casei and positive control groups was significantly higher than that in negativecontrol groups. The protection efficacy in pLA-VP2/L. casei oral group was higher than that inintranasal group. The SI. of pLA-VP2/L. casei oral group was significant higher than other groups. The lesion score indicated the pLA-VP2/L. casei was safer than commercial vaccine for bursa. Collectively, the pLA-VP2/L. casei could be a vaccine candidate for IBDV.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Antibody Formation ; Birnaviridae Infections ; prevention & control ; veterinary ; Chickens ; Infectious bursal disease virus ; Lactobacillus casei ; Poultry Diseases ; prevention & control ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Structural Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

Objective To observe the levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in predicting cardiovascular damage in Kawasaki disease (KD).Methods Enzyme-linked fluorescence analysis (ELFA) technique was used to measure serum NT-proBNP levels in 406 KD patients [including 104 cases of incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD)] at the acute phase,the convalescent stage,at the same time,the blood HDL-C,Albumin,globulin,alanine aminotransferase (ALT),C-reactive protein (CRP),red blood cell sedimentation rate (ESR),blood white cell count (WBC),hemoglobin (Hb),blood platelet count (PLT) level were tested.According to the results of echocardiography,electrocardiogram,myocardial enzymes in KD,patients were divided into two groups:two hundred and twenty-two with cardiovascular damage and 184 without cardiovascular damage group.The age,gender,fever,the first application of the intravenous gamma globulin,laboratory markers of clinical features observed above the detection levels were compared,and these parameters for each group were compared using t test or analysis of variance,the single factor which was statistically significant were received operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis.Then the cardiovascular damage group was divided into echocardiography abnormal group and echocardiography normal group,and t test was adopted to compare the clinical parameters of the two groups.Results ① The age,lip and oral changes,the first application of intravenous gamma globulin,blood NT-proBNP,HDL-C,albumn and ALT was significantly different between the cardiovascular damage group and non cardiovascular damage group (t/x22=4.989,4.721,6.212,18.834,12.788,4.851,4.541,All P＜0.05).② When the blood NT-pro-BNP was higher than 786.5 ng/L,its sensitivity and specificity for differentiating KD with cardiovascular damage was 86.5％ and 84.8％,respectively.When the blood HDL-C was lower than 0.655 mmol/L,its sensitivity and specificity for differentiating KD with cardiovascular damage was 80.4％ and 69.4％ respectively.When the blood NT-proBNP was higher than 786.5 ng/L in addition to HDL-C lower than 0.655 mmol/L,the specificity for differentiating KD with cardiovascular damage was 91.8％.③ For the 222 cases with cardiovascular dam-age,their blood NT-proBNP,HDL-C levels were statistically significantly different between the echocardiogra-phy abnormal group and echocardiography normal group (t=3.354,4.084,All P＜0.05).④ The serum NT-proBNP,ALT levels of the 406 acute and convalescent KD patients were significantly higher than the recovery phase.The blood HDL-C,albumin level of acute patients were significantly lower than those at the recovery phase,the difference was statistically significant (t=22.335,4.951,20.334,15.073,All P＜0.05).⑤ One hundred and four children with IKD were divided into patients with cardiovascular damage (74 cases) and without cardiovascu-lar damage (30 cases),the age,lip and oral changes,the first application of intravenous gamma globulin,blood NT-proBNP,HDL-C,albumin and ALT were significantly differentbetween these two groups (t=3.083,2.157,6.423,6.409,3.649,8.658,All P＜0.05).Conclusion Blood NT-proBNP and HDL-C are good pre-dictive parameters in children with cardiovascular damage of KD,IKD.

ObjectiveTo compare the levels of sFas in the sera among Kawasaki disease (KD),incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD),and normal control groups,and to analyze the relationship of sFas with IKD children.MethodsA total of 32 cases of acute KD and acute IKD children,and 20 cases of the control children were selected,respectively.The levels of serum sFas among three groups were measured using ELISA kits.Each child among the three groups was examined by echocardiography.Results(1)The levels of serum sFas among the three groups were[ (0.54±0.20)ng/L in KD,(0.55±0.16)ng/L in IKD,and (0.24 ± 0.04) ng/L] in control group,respectively.The overall means of sFas in the KD and IKD groups were higher than the control group,and the differences were statistically significant( F=29.276,P＜0.05 ).(2)The levels of serum sFas among echocardiography abnormal and normal groups were[ (0.65±0.19) ng/L and (0.49±0.10)ng/L],respectively; and the difference between two groups were statistically significant ( t=3.139,P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionsThe expression levels of sFas in the peripheral serum of IKD children were increased,and there was a close association of overexpression of sFas with the cardiovascular damage in IKD children.

Objective To study the expression levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP),serum albumin of Kawasaki' s disease (KD),incomplete Kawasaki' s disease (IKD),and children whose fever were unexplained and to explore the clinical significance of the levels of NT-proBNP and serum albumin in the early diagnosis of IKD.Methods The levels of NT-proBNP of 246 cases of KD (KD group),61 cases of IKD (IKD group) and 301 cases of children with unexplained fever (fever group)were measured by the enzyme-linked fluorescence analysis (ELFA) at the day of admission,meanwhile,the levels of albumin were tested in KD,and IKD children were underwent ECG and echocardiography.Based on the test results,patients were further divided into the group with cardiovascular damage and the group without cardiovascular damage.SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis.The t test was used to compare the parameters between each group,the variance analysis and association analysis were carried out with Pearson's correlation analysis.The ROC curve analysis was done to identify the cardiovascular damage threshold.Results ① The level of plasma NT-proBNP of the KD group,the IKD group was significantly h igher than the fever group [(789.1±4.7) ng/L,(824.8±4.4) ng/L vs (92.5±2.3) ng/L,F=230.736,all P＜0.05];② The level of albumin of the KD group and the IKD group was significantly lower than that of the fever group [(33.9±2.8) g/L,(33.8±3.1) g/L vs (40.8±3.6) g/L,F=355.648,all P＜0.05]; ③ The levels of NT-proBNPs between the cardiovascular damage group and the groups without cardiovascular damage among the KD group,and those of the IKD groups were compared.In the KD group,the NT-proBNPs level of the two subgroups was (2948±3) g/L (n=103) vs (305±3) g/L,n=143; while in the IKD group,the NT-proBNPs of the two subgroups was (1454±4) g/L (n=38) vs (323±4) g/L (n=23).The dif-ferences were statistically significant (t=16.464,4.356,all P＜0.05).④ The plasma NT-proBNP level higher than 933.5 ng/L was identify as the indicator for cardiovascular damage in both KD and IKD children.Its sensi-tivity was 88.1％,and its specificity was 89％.⑤ When the level of NT-proBNP was higher than 250 ng/L,the sensitivity for diagnosis in the KD,the IKD was 80.9％,85.2％ respec-tively,and the specificity was 85.7％.When the level of NT-proBNP was higher than 250 ng/L and that of albumin was lower than 35 g/L,the sensitivity for diagnosis of KD,IKD was 67.5％,70.5％ respectively,the specificity was 99.7％.Conclusion The level of plasma NT-proBNP (＞250 ng/L) accompanied by decreased albumin (＜35 g/L) may be specific markers for early diagnosis of IKD.In addition,the level of NT-proBNP ≥933.5 ng/L can be used as a diagnostic threshold,which has good sensitivity and specificity for identifica-tion of cardiovascular damage in the KD and IKD in children.

Objective To investigate the effect of different time of hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) on cell autophagy and cell viability.Methods According to the different reoxygenation time,H9C2 cells were divided into five groups:normal control group (group A),hypoxia group (group B),reoxygen 2h group (group C),reoxygen 12h group (group D) and reoxygen 24h group (group E).The expression of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ in each groups was detected by Western Blot,and the activity of myocardial cells was detected by MlT.Results MlT results showed that the viability of the myocardial cells after hypoxia 2h/reoxygenation 2h was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P＜0.05).The ratio ofLC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ of the cells in group B (hypoxia group),group C (reoxygen 2h group),group D (reoxygen 12h group),group E (reoxygen 24h group) was significantly higher than that of group A (normal control group) (P＜0.05).Among them,the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ of the cells in group C and D were significantly higher than that of group B (P＜0.05),paticlularly the group D was the highest (P＜0.05).The activity of myocardial cells in group D was the lowest among all groups.Conclusion Culturing in the three gas incubator can obviously decrease the viability of H9C2cells.Hypoxia can activate autophagy,and autophagy increases significantly after reoxygenation.Autophagy may be activated most obviously at 12 hours and decrease to the level of hypoxia group at 24 hours.Cells can be damaged by hypoxia,and further increase of cellular damage may occur after oxygen inhalation.At 12 hours,the cell viability is the lowest,and the cell viability may be improved at 24h.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of γH2AX in cervical squamous carcinoma.Methods Firstly,DNA were extracted from 74 cervical squamous carcinoma samples and PCR were tested for HPV infection.Secondly,formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections (4 μm)were stained with H&E method to detect cervical lesions grading.Thirdly,HPV16 DNA were examined by in situ hybridization(ISH) and γH2AX,p16 were examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.Then,30 cases typical tissue sections in which including the normal cervical tissue,cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma in situ were selected for comparing the HPV DNA loading,and the γH2AX and,pl6 expression.Finally,the feasibility of γH2AX serving as a biomarks in HPV infection-related cervical carcinogenesis were analyzed.Results In this study,HPV infection ratio is 98.65％,and HPV16 is the most common type with 74.32％ infection.In situ hybridization showed no HPV16 DNA exist in normal cervical tissues and CINI.In CIN Ⅱ HPV DNA exist mainly as episomal DNA.With the increasing of cervical lesions grade,HPV DNA was integrated into chromosome steadily.The expression of γH2AX and pl6 were positively associated with grading of cervical lesions.HPV DNA and γH2AX protein co-exist primarily in the prickle cell layer and the granular cell layer.The HPV DNA and p16 protein exist in different cell layer.Conclusion γH2AX may be employed as a biomarker for HPV positive cervical carcinogenesis.