It was reported that three cases of neuropsychiatric complications after liver transplantation were enrolled from Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital from March 2001 to August 2004. Two cases of delirium kind of mental disorder, and one patient had epilepsy and limb movement disorder. All subjects were mainly given immunosuppressant drug therapy, a timely correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance and symptomatic treatment. Postoperative prognosis of patients as well as the diagnosis and treatment of patients were retrospectively observed. Case one, male aged 54 years of hepatitis B liver cirrhosis and large, with a history of hypertension for 15 years and diabetes for 10 years. On September 25th, 2001 the patient received piggyback liver transplantation. During and after transplantation the patient received a strong impact on the treatment with the Dragon 1 000 mg. After 28 days,the patient died of hyperbilirubinemia, hyperkalemia, liver and kidney failure clinically. Case two, male aged 47 years of hepatitis B, cirrhosis and huge hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic calculous cholecystitis, with a history of hypertension for 5 years and diabetes for 2 years. On December 26th, 2001 the patient was treated with piggyback liver transplantation. At day 44 the patient had obvious cough with yellow-green phlegm, sputum culture was Aspergillus spp (50%) and diflucan for the treatment. Till day 53, drowsiness and depressed spirit appeared; at day 54, the patient was disoriented, and at day 55 hemiparesis occurred at right side, gradually coma, by brain CT scan it confirmed to be intracerebral hemorrhage, and died. Case three, male aged 59 years of hepatitis B, cirrhosis of liver atrophy with right hepatic small hepatocellular carcinoma. On August 20th, 2004 the patient was given classic modified line-situ liver transplant surgery without venovenous bypass. Four days after sudden aphasia, gradually motor dysfunction, swallowing dysfunction,restlessness and epilepsy appeared. After Phenytoin Sodium, chloral hydrate enema and luminal sodium treatment, focal epilepsy and irritable symptoms were effectively controlled, but aphasia and left hemiparesis still occurred. After five months, the patient died of cerebral hemorrhage. Incidence rate of neuropsychiatric complications are high after liver transplantation. Besides, brain hemorrhage is a serious complication and has a high mortality rate. It is important and positive of reducing bleeding, maintaining hemodynamics and environmental stability to avoid the large blood transfusion and infusion for the prevention of serious complications.

It was reported that three cases of neuropsychiatric complications after liver transplantation were enrolled from Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Weifang People's Hospital from March 2001 to August 2004. Two cases of delirium kind of mental disorder,and one patient had epilepsy and limb movement disorder. All subjects were mainly given immunosuppressant drug therapy,a timely correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance and symptomatic treatment. Postoperative prognosis of patients as well as the diagnosis and treatment of patients were retrospectively observed. Case one,male aged 54 years of hepatitis B liver cirrhosis and large,with a history of hypertension for 15 years and diabetes for 10 years. On September 25th,2001 the patient received piggyback liver transplantation. During and after transplantation the patient received a strong impact on the treatment with the Dragon 1 000 mg. After 28 days,the patient died of hyperbilirubinemia,hyperkalemia,liver and kidney failure clinically. Case two,male aged 47 years of hepatitis B,cirrhosis and huge hepatocellular carcinoma,chronic calculous cholecystitis,with a history of hypertension for 5 years and diabetes for 2 years. On December 26th,2001 the patient was treated with piggyback liver transplantation. At day 44 the patient had obvious cough with yellow-green phlegm,sputum culture was Aspergillus spp (50%) and diflucan for the treatment. Till day 53,drowsiness and depressed spirit appeared; at day 54,the patient was disoriented,and at day 55 hemiparesis occurred at right side,gradually coma,by brain CT scan it confirmed to be intracerebral hemorrhage,and died. Case three,male aged 59 years of hepatitis B,cirrhosis of liver atrophy with right hepatic small hepatocellular carcinoma. On August 20th,2004 the patient was given classic modified line-situ liver transplant surgery without venovenous bypass. Four days after sudden aphasia,gradually motor dysfunction,swallowing dysfunction,restlessness and epilepsy appeared. After Phenytoin Sodium,chloral hydrate enema and luminal sodium treatment,focal epilepsy and irritable symptoms were effectively controlled,but aphasia and left hemiparesis still occurred. After five months,the patient died of cerebral hemorrhage. Incidence rate of neuropsychiatric complications are high after liver transplantation. Besides,brain hemorrhage is a serious complication and has a high mortality rate. It is important and positive of reducing bleeding,maintaining hemodynamics and environmental stability to avoid the large blood transfusion and infusion for the prevention of serious complications.

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of robot-assisted laparoscopic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RAPN and LPN) for patients with completely endophytic renal tumor.Methods:A total of 73 patients with completely endophytic renal tumor receiving RAPN (n=29) or LPN (n=44) in our center between January 2015 and June 2021 were retrospectively collected. There were 21 males and 8 females in RAPN group. The average age was 48.6±13.7 years old, average tumor size was 2.9±0.9 cm with 13 left tumors and 16 right tumors, average R. E.N.A.L. score was 9.2±1.0, and average preoperative eGFR was 82.6±10.7 ml/(min·1.73 m 2). There were 27 males and 17 females in LPN group. The average age was 50.1±12.3 years old, average tumor size was 2.9±0.9 cm with 24 left tumors and 20 right tumors, average R. E.N.A.L. score was 9.1±1.3, and average preoperative eGFR was 81.7±9.6 ml/(min·1.73 m 2). There was no significant difference in above variables between two groups. The operative time, warm ischemia time, blood loss, postoperative complication, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative 3 months renal function of two groups were compared. Results:All 73 patients successfully underwent RAPN or LPN and no patient converted to radical nephrectomy or open surgery. There was no significant difference in operation time [140(80, 160) min vs. 150 (90, 180) min, P=0.264], intraoperative estimated blood loss[150 (100, 200)vs. 180 (120, 200) ml, P=0.576]and postoperative hospital stay (7.0±2.7 vs. 7.4±2.1 days, P=0.480) between two groups. Compared with LPN group, RAPN group had obvious less warm ischemia time (23.1±3.3 vs. 27.6±4.7 min, P<0.001). No obvious complication occurred in RAPN group and one case with postoperative hemorrhage occurred in LPN group. No positive margin occurred in either group. There was no difference in renal function 3 months after operation between the two groups [73.2±6.3 vs.70.5±7.6ml/(min·1.73 m 2), P=0.117]. The median follow-up period was 22.6 months with no tumor recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions:For experienced surgeons, both RAPN and LPN are safe and feasible for patients with completely endophytic renal tumor. Compared with LPN, RAPN has advantages of perioperative curative effect, which could reduce the operating difficulty and shorten the warm ischemia time.

Objective To investigate doctors'knowledge and differences in islet function assessment methods in China.Methods This is a cross-sectional study that conducted by online questionnaire survey.Demographic data,examination items,blood collection point of OGTT,detection method,kit type and follow-up frequency were collected and compared among doctors in different regions,different levels of hospitals,different specialties and different titles.Results 79.2%and 85.1%of physicians believed that the levels of insulin and C-peptide should be measured at the same time to assess islet function in patients with newly diagnosed and follow-up diabetes mellitus patients.Endocrinologists preferred to access insulin and C-peptide at the same time(P<0.05).56.0%of physicians chose bread meal test for T1DM patients and 54.7%for T2DM patients.Compared with non-specialists,endocrinologists preferred to commit bread meal test to T1DM patients(61.4%vs 41.0%,P<0.05).In addition,for the islet function assessment of new-onset diabetes patients,7.6%of physicians chose the six-point method(0,30,60,90,120,180 min),27.3%selected the five-point method I(0,30,60,120,180 min),8.5%selected the five-point method II(0,30,60,90,120 min),9.8%selected the four-point method I(0,30,60,120 min),10.3%selected the four-point method II(0,60,120,180 min),13.8%chose the three-point method(0,60,120 min)and 13.4%chose the two-point method(0,120 min).At the time of follow-up assessment,the above selection rates were 5.3%,20.4%,6.4%,6.6%,9.4%,15.8%and 24.1%,respectively.In terms of the frequency of assessment,39.2%of doctors assessed islet function once a year and 24.7%once every six months.Specialists preferred to assess islet function once a year,and physicians with senior titles chose to assess islet function more variably.Conclusion At present,there are still great differences in assessment methods of islet function in China.It is of great significance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetes to understand the differences in the selection of islet function assessment methods among doctors in different regions,specialties and job titles.