Objective To investigate the effect of GM 1 on vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods Twenty-five wistar rats receiving intracisternal injection of 0.15 ml autologous nonheparinized blood or 0.15 ml saline two times were divided into five groups as follows: control group, cerebral vasospasm (CVS) group, Nimodipine group, GM 1 therapy group and GM 1 prevent group. The cortical regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by hydrogenate clearance method at 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 6h respectively. After perfusion and fixation, capillary vessels in temporal lobe cortex were labeled with anti-factor Ⅷ and observed by microvascular graphic analysis. Results (1) Compared with control group, rCBFs in CVS group, Nimodipine group and GM 1 therapy group were apparently decreased after second intracisternal blood injection (all P

Objective To Discuss the influence of intrauterine environment to neonatal insulin sensitivity. Methods Two hundred and eight new borns were selected into our study and divided into 4 groups, they are full term adequate for gestational age(AGA) group(133 cases), full term small for gestational age(SGA) group(30 cases), preterm AGA group(87 cases) and preterm SGA group(30 cases). In the morning of the 3rd day after birth their serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentration were examined before milk, and the ratio of insulin to glucose were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 9.0 software. Results The mean ratio of insulin to glucose are 1.243?0.703 in full term SGA group and 0.259?0.837 in full term AGA group, while in preterm SGA group and preterm AGA group the mean ratio of insulin to glucose are 1.190?0.683 and 0.497? 0.080, it shows that each SGA group has significantly higher insulin to glucose ratio than the AGA group( P

Objective Examining the potential for genetic influences on the association of fetal growth restriction (FGR) with increased occurrence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in later life. Methods The study group consisted of 75 neonates of small-for gestation age (SGA) and 244 neonates of adequate for gestational age (AGA), whose mothers did not have diabetes mellitus. Anthropometric measurements were performed at birth. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured on the 3rd day after birth. The history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus was recorded in their parents and grandparents. Results The prevalence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in parents and grandparents of SGA group than that of AGA group (20.0%, 30.7%, 12.0% vs 9.3%, 14.7%, 3.5%,P0.05). Conclusions Genetic factor may promote both FGR and susceptibility to occurrence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes.

Objective To investigation the relation of leptin to birth weight and insulin in preterm and term neonates and to explore whether a functional “adipoinsular axis” might exist in preterm and term neonates. Methods A total of 264 preterm and term newborns were recruited and categorised according to gestation length. Anthropometric measurements were performed at birth. Leptin, fasting glucose and insulin were measured at 3 days of life. Results Serum leptin was significantly higher in term than in preterm. The relation between serum leptin and gestation followed a non-linear pattern; The slope of the curve began to increase after 34 weeks gestation. Serum leptin was associated with birth weight and insulin in newborn more than 32 weeks gestation(r=0.240, 0.227, P

Objective To investigate the regular pattern of dynamic changes of insulin sensitivity in fetal growth restriction (FGR) rats. Methods Twenty pregnant female rats were randomly divided into two groups as normal-protein group (NP) and low-protein group (LP), which respectively received normal protein diet (20% protein) and low protein diet (8% protein) during pregnancy. Weights of newborns were measured within 6 hours after birth, and the LP offspring whose birth weights were at least 2 standard deviations below the mean of NP offspring (≤2 standard deviations) were defined as FGR rats. At day 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 after birth, rats were fasted for 12 hours and then angular vein blood was collected to measure fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting serum insulin (FINS) level. At 90 days of age, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT)was performed; and blood triglyceride ( TG ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) were measured. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by FINS, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and IPGTT. Results (1) Birth weights of LP offspring [(4. 92 ± 0. 36) g]were significantly lower than those of NP ones [(6. 43 ± 0. 59) g] (t = 14. 73, P＜0. 05). The incidence of FGR in LP was 88. 2% ; and for the male and female rats, the FGR rate was 94. 1% and 83. 1%, respectively. (2) FPG levels in the male FGR rats were significantly higher than in the NP from the age of 60 days [(9.38 ± 1.57) mmol/L vs (5. 58 ± 1.24) mmol/L] to 90 days [(8. 95 ±1.83) mmol/L vs (6. 21± 1.14) mmol/L] (t=-3. 291, P＜0. 05), while FPG levels in female FGR rats increased significantly only at 90 days of age [(9. 08±1.65) mmol/L vs (6.73±0. 67) mmol/L](t=-3. 226,P＜0. 05). FINS levels were significantly higher in FGR rats than in the NP from the age of 30 days (male FGR rats) or 60 days (female FGR rats) to 90 days (P＜0. 05, respectively).Similarly, HOMA-IR was significantly higher in FGR rats than in the NP at the age of 30 days (male FGR rats) or 60 days (female FGR rats) to 90 days (P＜0. 05, respectively). ISI in male FGR rats showed a reduction in comparison with the NP from the age of 30 to 90 days, while as to the female FGR rats it was significantly lower than in the NP only at 60 days of age and continued to 90 days (P＜0. 05, respectively). IPGTT showed that after injection of glucose, blood glucose at all four points (from 0 min to 120 min) in both male and female FGR rats were higher than that in the NP (P＜0. 05). (3) No significant difference was observed in TG, LDL-C and HDL-C at 90 days of age between the FGR rats and NP ones, while HbA1c in the male FGR rats was significantly higher than that in the NP [(7. 03±0. 54) % vs (4. 37±0. 64)%,t= -8. 028, P＜0. 05]. Conclusions FGR rats are able to maintain glucose balance and normal insulin levels during their earlier age, while insulin sensitivity decreased from adolescence to adulthood. The change of insulin sensitivity is different between male and female FGR rats, and male FGR rats are more likely to develop insulin resistance.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of imprinted gene CDKN1C in placenta and the birth weight of neonates.Methods Twenty-nine term small for gestational age (SGA) neonates admitted to Peking University Third Hospital from January 1,2014 to December 31,2014 were recruited,and 29 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates with a difference of not more than one week in gestational age served as controls.Fresh placental tissue was collected and the expression of imprinted gene CDKN1C mRNA in the placenta were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative-polymerase chain reaction,and its protein expression was estimated by Western-blot.Chi-square test,independent-sample t test,Pearson's correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis.Results The CDKN1C mRNA expression level in SGA was significantly higher than that in AGA (0.133± 0.059 vs 0.100±0.046,t=2.401,P=0.020),so was the CDKN1C protein expression (0.280±0.043 vs 0.190±0.041,t=8.410,P=0.000).The CDKN1C mRNA expression levels were negatively correlated with birth weight in both groups (SGA group,r=-0.587,P=0.001;AGA group,r=-0.569,P=0.001),and the correlation was slightly stronger in SGA (r2=0.344) than in AGA (r2=0.324).The CDKN1C protein expression levels of the two groups were negatively correlated with birth weight (SGA group,r=-0.579,P=0.001;AGA group,r=-0.497,P=0.006),the correlation being stronger in SGA group (r2=0.335) than in AGA group (r2=0.247).The CDKN1C mRNA and protein expression levels of the two groups were negatively correlated with birth weight for gender,especially in males [mRNA:r2=0.293(male)vs r2=0.185(female);protein:r2=0.730 (male) vs r2=0.601(female)].Neither CDKN1C mRNA nor protein expression level was correlated to the placenta weight (mRNA:SGA group,r=0.119,P=0.540;AGA group,r=-0.069,P=0.722;protein:SGA group,r=0.126,P=0.515;AGA group,r=-0.247,P=0.196).Conclusions The expressions of CDKN1C mRNA and protein may be related to birth weight of term SGA neonates,especially in male infants.

Objective: To compare diary-reported trips and Global Positioning System (GPS) recording trips and identify the reasons for the discrepancies between two methods. Methods: The survey was conducted in Jiangning district in Nanjing city during July to September and November to December, 2015. Both the diary records and GPS method were used to investigate the travel behavior of 33 retired adults for 5 consecutive days. The GPS traces were display in Google Earth and then split into trips to compare with the diary records according to time and location. χ² test was used to analyze the influence of trip characteristics on misreporting rates of each method. Results: A total of 1 087 trips in the survey can be compared between the diary (n=909) and the GPS method (n=912). 7.3% (79/1 087) of the trips were only recorded by GPS method, and 11.8% (128/1 087) were only reported in the diary. Of the remaining 880 trips recorded by the both methods, 86.7% (763/880) matched each other, while 13.3% (117/880) did not. For the matched trips, the difference between the trip durations recorded by diary and GPS method was 2.0 (quartile was 6.0) minutes and the diary method overestimated about 25.0% trip durations when compared with the GPS method. The accuracy rates were 84.8%(903/1 065) and 86.9%(925/1 065) for diary and GPS method, respectively. Both methods were more likely to misreport the trip under 5 minutes. The misreporting rates of diary method for trips under 5 minutes were 6.8 times higher than trips over 30 minutes (21.7% vs 3.2%). The reporting accuracy was also significantly different among trips by different travel mode (P<0.05) for both methods, diary method had the lowest accuracy in reporting vehicles recorders (69.3%, 133/192), while GPS method was more accuracy in both biking (91.9%, 136/148) and vehicles recorders(89.6%, 172/192). The main reasons for misreporting by diary method were forgetting or unwilling to record and failing to record trips according to travel mode, while forgetting to carry GPS device, bad GPS signal and failing to locate the position were the main reasons for misreporting by GPS method. Conclusion The majority of the trips reported in diary and GPS method are well consistent with each other. Both of the methods should be used simultaneously in the survey of time-activity pattern to improve the data quality.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic heterogeneous airway disease characterized by persistent and progressive airflow restriction， which can be divided into stable COPD and acute exacerbations of COPD （AECOPD）. Its morbidity and mortality remain high， posing a serious threat to human health. Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） believes that COPD belongs to the categories of "cough"， "dyspnea syndrome"， "lung distension"， etc. And its basic pathogenesis is intermingled phlegm and stasis with deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. Qianjin Weijingtang， derived from the Records of Proved Prescriptions， Ancient and Modern （古今录验方）， consists of Phragmitis Caulis， Persicae Semen， Coicis Semen， and Benincasae Semen， with remarkable functions in clearing the lung， resolving phlegm and eliminating blood stasis， and has definite clinical efficacy in treating COPD and its syndromes. At present， in clinical studies， Qianjin Weijingtang has been used to treat COPD with modifications. It can be used alone or in combination with other prescriptions/western medicines to treat stable COPD， AECOPD， COPD complications， and other TCM syndromes of COPD such as phlegm-heat-stagnation obstructing the lung syndrome. It can significantly improve clinical symptoms， lung function， and blood gas indexes， and inhibit inflammatory response. Animal experiments mainly explored the mechanism of COPD from the level of pathological changes. Specifically， the underlying mechanism may be related to regulating T helper 17 （Th17）/regulatory T cells （Treg） balance， up-regulating single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor （SIGIRR） for resisting inflammation， up-regulating hyperplasia suppressor gene （HSG） and inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway activation to inhibit airway remodeling. It was found that there were many problems， such as low quality of clinical research， failure in sharing research standards， and the lack of mechanism research. This article systematically reviewed clinical studies of Qianjin Weijingtang in the treatment of COPD and its mechanism based on animal experiments in recent years， and put forward thoughts and suggestions according to the existing problems to provide references for the clinical application and further research on Qianjin Weijingtang.

Objective: To explore the effect of ambient fine particulate matters (PM_2.5) exposure on nasal oxidative stress level in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: A panel of sixty AR patients was recruited as subjects. Four repeated measurements were carried out from June 2017 to January 2018. Nasal irrigation solution was collected and examined for malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Monitoring data of atmospheric pollutants and meteorological factors during measurement periods were also collected. Time activity pattern combined with micro-environment monitoring method was used to evaluate PM_2.5 exposure. Mixed effect model was applied to analyze the relationship between PM_2.5 exposure concentration and oxidative stress level. Results: 49 subjects accomplished the four repeated measurements, and the mean±SD of their age was (36.7±8.4) years old. The median of MDA and SOD in four measurement periods was 3.70, 3.70, 5.58, 6.24 nmol/ml, and 105.50, 102.50, 95.00, 96.50 U/ml. The concentration of PM_2.5 exposure in four measurement periods was (40.0±2.7), (41.5±2.5), (52.3±5.9) and (74.7±4.9) μg/m³, respectively. Results of single pollutant mixed effect model analysis showed that 0-, 1-, 2-, 3-day lag concentrations of PM_2.5 was significantly positively associated with MDA, about β (95%CI) estimated as 0.24 (0.17, 0.30), 0.34 (0.27, 0.41), 0.32 (0.20, 0.44) and 0.33 (0.23, 0.43), respectively. 0-, 1-, 2-day concentrations of PM_2.5 was significantly negatively associated with SOD, about β (95%CI) estimated as -0.99 (-1.66, -0.31), -1.35 (-2.08, -0.62) and -0.94 (-1.80, -0.07), respectively. Multivariate analysis found that lag 1-day concentration of PM_2.5 was still significantly associated with MDA and SOD after controlling for temperature, age and other influencing factors. For a 10 μg/m³ increase of PM_2.5 concentration, MDA increased 0.26 (95%CI: 0.18, 0.33) nmol/ml, and SOD decreased 0.87 (95%CI: 0.21, 1.53) U/ml. Conclusion Our results suggested that PM_2.5 exposure can aggravate the nasal oxidative stress response of AR patients.