The establishment of animal model is fundamental to the experimental studies. It involves the selection of animals and cell lines, the determination of the number of cells and the option of the ways of transplant. Only when each production step is operated by following the occurrence and the development mechanism of the gastric cancer, can we simulate the process of growth of the gastric cancer in human body.Due to their congenital immune deficiency, the nude mice serve a better choice for the establishment of gastric cancer animal model. Beyond that, the cell lines selection and transplant way option also play important roles.

Objective To investigate the cause,type,clinical manifestation,diagnosis and treatment of bile duct injury(BDI)during laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).Methods Data of 26 cases suffering from biliary injury during LC from 1997 to 2007 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among 26 cases with BDI,5 cases suffered from type Ⅰ BDI,13 cases from typeⅡ,2 cases from typeⅢ,and 6 cases from type Ⅳ.Injuries were diagnosed as BDI intraoperatively in 3 cases,23 BDI cases were diagnosed postoperatively,including 13 cases diagnosed one week after LC,8 cases 20-60 days after LC,2 cases 2 years after LC.Twenty-four cases underwent interventional therapy,with 5 cases cured,19 cases were tideovered to operative treatment after cholangitis and jaundice were under control.Among all BDJ cases,20 cases underwent resection of impaired dile duct and hepatico-jejunostomy. Conclusion BDI is a serious complication of LC,temporary stent graft or bile dranage will help to put jaundice and cholangitis under control so as to buy a time for final definite surgical procedures.

Objective To investigate the value of interventional therapy in bile duct injury (BDI) due to laparoscopie cholecystectomy (LC). Methods Data of 24 BDI patients, who received interventional treatment after LC from June 1997 to May 2007, were retrospectively analyzed. Results According to Liu Yunyi criteria of BDI classification, there were 5 cases of type Ⅰ , 11 cases type Ⅱ , 2 type Ⅲ and 6 type Ⅳ. BDI was found during LC in 2 patients and the operation was switched to open cholecysteetomy, but bile duct infection was experienced 10 months and 2 years after the operation, respectively. BDI was diagnosed postoperatively in 22 patients, in which 13 eases occurred 3-12 days after LC, 7 cases 20-60 days after LC, and 2 cases 2 years after LC. Complete remission was achieved by interventional therapy in 5 patients, the other 19 patients received curative operation after control of cholangitis and jaundice. Among 13 patients who were diagnosed BDI 3-12 days after LC, 6 underwent emergency operation and failed. Of the 7 other patients who received interventional therapy, 3 were cured and the others underwent curative operation after cholangi-tis and jaundice were controlled. Conclusion Application of interventional therapy in BDI after LC can a-chieve successful bile duct support and drainage, and can obtain complete image of bile duct system, which is effective not only in control of cholangitis and jaundice for the safety of the following surgery, but also in cure of BDI.

BACKGROUND:Calcium phosphate has the similar mineral component of natural bones with good bioactivity, osteoconductivity and degradability. It has been widely used in bone defect repair and coatings of implants. OBJECTIVE:To review the major properties of different-phase calcium phosphate and to summarize the application of calcium phosphate in scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering. METHODS:A computer-based search of PubMed, CNKI and VIP database was performed for relevant articles published from January 2000 to February 2015 with the key words of “osteochondral; calcium phosphate (including hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, calcium polyphosphate); tissue engineering” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Since the calcium phosphate has a variety of phases and crystaline types, a variety of materials with different structure and size can be obtained using different techniques, such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, calcium polyphosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate. These materials have some differences in their biological and mechanical properties, and hydroxyapatite is the most widely used. Biocomposite scaffolds with calcium phosphates appeared to have promising potential in osteochondral tissue engineering.

Objective　 To study the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on proliferating of rabbit lens epithelial cells(RLECs).Methods　The second and three generations of RLECs were exposed to different concentrations of bFGF, and the proliferation characteristics of the cells were measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The ultrastructure of cell were observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM).The changs of cells cycles were observed with flow cytometer (FCM).Results　 After the treatment of bFGF, RLECs showed the marked proliferation , especially in 10μg*L-1 of bFGF . TEM result showed that the cells were more active with bFGF, FCM result showed that the S phase cell obviously increased.Conclusion　bFGF is an important factor that can promote proliferation of RLECs.

Objective To investigate the effect on and mechansm by which prostaglandin E_1(PGE_1)protects liver functions after hepatectomy.Methods In this study,82 cases undergoing hepatectomy were divided randomly into control group with conventional therapy(41 cases),and PGE_1 treatment group(41 cases)treated with liposomal prostaglandin E_1 in addition to conventional therapy.Postoperative hospital days,urinary volume and abdominal drainage volume were observed.Pre-and postoperative liver functions were measured.Results Postoperative hospital days(median time 22 days)in PGE_1 treatment group were significantly shorter than those(median time 26 days)in control group.The postoperative levels of alanine transaminase,aspartic transaminase,total bilirubin and albumen in PGE_1 treatment group recovered to preoperative levels more quickly,than control group.Postoperative urinary volume in patients of PGE_1 treatment group was significantly more than that in control group,while abdominal drainage volume was markedly less,although there was no significant difference in prothrombin time between the two groups.Conclusion In patients undergoing hepatectomy,PGE_1 is very useful and safe to protect and improve hepatic function,decreasing the level of bilirubin,preventing ascites,formation shortening hospital days,without causing prolongation of prothrombin time remarkably.

Objective To analyze the factors influencing the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.Methods The clinical data of 276 patients with pancreatic cancer who had been admitted to our department from September 1995 to August 2005 were retrospectively analyzed.Cox regression analysis was used to screen out independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients with pancreatic head cancer or pancreatic body and tail cancer,and Kaplan-Meier method to calculate the median survival time.The effects of tumor location on the prognosis were examined by Log-rank and Breslow test.Results Cox regression analysis showed that the diameter of tumor,invasion of the superior mesenteric vessel and treatment method were the independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients with pancreatic head cancer;while age,lymphadenectasis and treatment method were the independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients with pancreatic body and tail cancer.The median survival time of patients with pancreatic head cancer and pancreatic body and tail cancer after radical resection were 460 days and 480 days,which were significantly longer than 240 days and 200 days of patients who received palliative treatment or gave up treatment.The median survival time of patients with whole pancreatic cancer was 117 days,which was significantly shorter than 330 days of patients with pancreatic head cancer and 300 days of pancreatic body and tail cancer.Conclusions Radieal resection is currently the best choice for pancreatic cancer.The prognosis is poor for patients with pancreatic head cancer(diameter≥4 cm)and invasion of the superior mesenteric vessel.Patients with age≤60 and lymphadenectasis are the factors resulting in poor prognosis of pancreatic body and tail cancer.The prognosis of patients with pancreatic head cancer and pancreatic body and tail cancer are close.Patients with whole pancreatic cancer is in the terminal stage with the worst prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides L on the nervous behavior and the expression of neurotransmitters in rats. Methods 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:blank group,total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides L treatment with 4 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ( low dose group) ,8 mg·kg-1 ·d-1( medium dose group) and 16 mg·kg-1 ·d-1( high dose group) groups. After successive intragastric administration for 30 days,the locomotor activity was applied to test the nervous behavior and emotional state of rats in each group. After behavioral tests were finished,the contents of trypto-phan (Trp),5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP),5-serotonin (5-HT),5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE),epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) were detected by ELISA in serum and brain. Results In the experiment of locomotor activity,compared with blank group ((95.33±12.75) times),the numbers of horizontal movement of Sophora alopecuroides L in medium and high dose group ( ( 61. 64 ± 5.91),(64.62±5.79)times both P<0.05) were significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01).Compared with the blank group ((4.33±0.66) times),the numbers of vertical motion of Sophora alopecuroides L in medium and high dose group ((3.05±0.09)times,(3.77±0.69)times) were significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with blank group ((2.25±0.39) number),the granule number in high dose group ((3.38±0.40) number) were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01),and emotional stress degree increased. Meanwhile,compared with blank group,the content detection of 5-HT,5-HIAA in different dose groups of the total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides L was improved obviously(P<0.01),but there was no significant effect on the content of Trp,5-HTP,NE,E,DA(P>0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that the degree of au-tonomic activity in rats with the content of 5-HT,5-HIAA and DA in serum was negatively correlated (P<0.05, P<0.01) ,the degree of emotional stress and the content of 5-HT,5-HIAA in brain was negatively cor-related (P<0.05, P<0.01) . Conclusion The total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides L can reduce the ac-tivity of rats and increase the degree of emotional stress. And the mechanism may be correlated with the in-creasing level of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in serum and brain.

Objective The control rate of blood pressure in hypertension patients is very low in our country , while follow-up intervention can significantly improve the situation .This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of anti-hypertension under follow-up intervention . Methods From October 2013 to October 2014 , 125 patients with hypertension were chose as the study objectives after first clinical anti-hypertension and were divided into intervention group (follow-up,n=65) and control group(no follow-up,n=60). Comparative analysis was made in blood pressure control , compliance with therapy and cardiovascular event incidence between the two groups after 12 weeks'intervention. Results After 12 weeks, diastolic and systolic blood pressure in intervention group was signifi-cantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05).Significant difference was also found in the compliance with drug-taking between in-tervention group and control group (73.8%vs 43.3%, P<0.01).During the follow-up period, 1 case in the control group suffered stroke and unstable angina pectoris hospitalized for treatment . Conclusion Follow-up intervention after clinical service can improve the efficacy of blood pressure control and encourage the patients to live healthy lifestyle .

AIM: To investigate the effects of low-dose paclitaxel on the morphology of bladder after partial bladder outlet obstruction ( BOO) in rats.METHODS:Healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats ( n=30) were randomly di-vided into sham operation group, BOO group and low-dose paclitaxel group.The rats in BOO group and low-dose paclitaxel group received operation to establish an obstruction model, while the rats in sham group underwent sham operation.After operation, the rats in low-dose paclitaxel group received intraperitoneal injection of paclitaxel at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg twice a week for 4 weeks.At the same time, the animals in sham group and BOO group received the same volume of saline by in-traperitoneal injection.Four weeks after operation, each rat was sedated and the bladder was weighted.Histological chan-ges of the bladder were observed by HE staining.Collagen deposition in the bladder tissue was observed by Masson stai-ning, and the fibrosis area was measured.The ultrastructure of the detrusor was studied by transmission electron microsco-py.RESULTS:Compared with sham operation group, a significant increase in bladder weight (0.376 g ±0.052 g vs 0.112 g ±0.014 g, P<0.05), the muscle hypertrophy, and a decrease in the percentage of collagen area [collagen/(col-lagen+muscle), 29.66%±2.69%vs 38.94%±3.67%, P<0.05] was observed in BOO group.Under electron micro-scope, intracellular connection had more gap junction and desmosomes than intermediate junction.The cell gap widened with a large amount of collagen fiber.Compared with BOO group, low-dose paclitaxel group decreased bladder weight (0.215 g ±0.025 g vs 0.376 g ±0.052 g, P<0.05) and improved the muscle hypertrophy.The percentage of the colla-gen area was also decreased (19.94%±1.90% vs 29.66%±2.69%, P<0.05).The detrusor microstructure showed that the intermediate junction was characterized by a predominance among the intracellular connections, and the intercellu-lar space contained less collagen fibers in low-dose paclitaxel group.CONCLUSION:Low-dose paclitaxel may ameliorate the morphological damage of the bladder and recover bladder function in the rats with BOO by slowing down the process of bladder fibrosis.