Objective Auditory evoked potential index (AAI) has been proposed for monitoring anesthetic depth. The aim of this study was to compare tins new technique with hispectral index (BIS) and 95% spectral edge frequency (SKF) for assessing anesthetic depth during emergency from propofol-isoflurane anesthesia. The ability of these techniques in distinguishing consciousness from unconsciousness was also evaluated. Methods Thirty six ASA I - II patients ( 15 male, 21 female) undergoing elective surgery under propofol-isoflurane anesthesia were enrolled in the study. Age ranged from 18 to 75 years and body weight from 35 to 80 kg. Patients with psychoneural diseases or hearing disturbances were excluded. The patients were premedicaled with phenobarbitai sodium 0.1g and airopine 0.5mg. Anesthesia was induced with rnidazolam 0 .05-0.1 mg.kg1,fentanyl 5- 10ug.kg1 and vecuronium 0. 1-0.2mg.kg-1 and maintained with propofol infusion (8-16ml. h 1) and isoflurane inhalation (0.5% -1.0%). Intermittent IV boluses of vecuroniuni were given when needed. The patients were transported to recovery room after surgery. AAI, HIS, SKF and hemodynamic parameters were monitored and recorded on entering the recovery room, before extubation, during extubalion, 5, 10, 20 min after exlubation and before release from recovery room. Results AAI, BIS and SEF were 40.9?11.7,73.64?10.8 and 17.5?2.8 respectively on entering recovery room and increased to 72.6 ?11.0, 88.2?7.3 and 22.5?2.6 during exlubation. The increase in AAI was significantly greater. The mean values of AAI before and after responding to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus were 36. 1?11.5 and 52.4?12.3 respectively, the mean values of BIS were 71.9?11.5 and 78 . 6?11.9 and of SKF 16.7?3.0 and 18. 6?3.2 .Only AAI demonstrated a significant difference detween consciousness and unconsciousness. Conclusion AAI, HIS and SKF all increase gradually during emergence from anesthesia. AAI is most sensitive among the three techniques and is most useful in detecting the transition from unconsciousness to consciousness.

Objective To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of propofol after a single intravenous dose during induction in the elderly and young patients. Methods Eighteen ASA I-II patients undergoing elective gastro-intestinal and intracranial surgery were studied. Patients with abnormal liver and/or kidney function were excluded. The patients were premedicated with intramuscular phenobarbital 100mg and scopolamine 0.3mg 1h before operation. The patients were divided into two groups according to their age; the young and middle-aged group, aged between 31-57, on average 46. 5yr (A, n=6); the elderly group, aged between 67-81 yr, on average 74.6 yr(E, n = 12) . Group E was further divided into two subgroups: E1 aged between 67-73 yr, on average 69 .3 yr (n = 6); E2 aged between 76-81 yr,on average 78. 7 yr ( n=6 ) . In group A anesthesia was induced with propofol 1 . 5rng kg-1 , midazolam 0.03-0.06mg kg-1 , fentanyl 3-5ugkg-1 and vecuronium 0. 1 mgkg-1 . In group E propofol 1.0 mgkg-1 was given but the doses of the other three drugs for induction were the same as in group A. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 0.5%-2.0% supplemented with intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl, vecuronium and midazolam. ECG, BP, SpO2 , PET CO2 , CVP and urine output were continuously monitored during anesthesia. Propofol was given in bolus through the vein in the forearm slowly over 30-45 s, and blood samples were taken from internal jugular vein before propofol injection and 1 ,2,4 ,6,10,15,30,45,60,75, 90,120 ,150 ,180,240 ,300,360min after the end of propofol injection for measurement of plasma propofolconcentration by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results The pharmacokinetics of propofol in the 18 patients were best described by a three compartment pharmacokinetic model. The dose-corrected mean plasma concentrations of propofol in group A were lower at 1,2,4,6,10 min after the end of propofol injection (P

Objective To explore the somatotype characteristics and rules of Lisu and Dulong adolescents aged 13-18 years, and to analyze their annual somatotype differences. Methods According to the method of human bod)' measurement, through the measurement of 10 related indexes, using Heath-Carter bod)' type evaluation method, 634 cases (328 boys, 306 girls) Lisu and Dulong teenagers bod)' type evaluation. Results The average bod)' size of male and female students of Lisu ethnic group was of balanced mesoderm type (2. 9-4. 8-3. 3) and endoderm type (4. 7-4. 8-2. 8) . The average body size of male and female students of Dulong nationality is mesoderm type (3 . 1-3. 9-2. 1) and mesoderm type (5 . 2 - 4 . 6 - 1 . 6) . Among the 10 test indexes, there were significant differences in height, body weight, intercondylar diameter of humerus and intercondylar diameter of femur (P < 0. 01) . There were significant differences in height, intercondylar diameter of humerus and intercondylar diameter of femur among female students (P<0. 0 1) . Conclusion In Yunnan Province, adolescents of Lisu and Dulong ethnic groups generally have the body type characteristics of southern ethnic groups, but the body type difference between the two ethnic groups is great, and only has the characteristics of similar stage, age and body type.

Ecological stoichiometry is a study of the balance of biological system's energy and the balance of multiple chemical elements. It focuses on the relationship of the element ratio in ecological processes. In this paper, the concept and main theoretical basis of ecological stoichiometry were introduced, and the status of stoichiometry in medicinal plant resources was reviewed. According to the recent development of ecological stoichiometry, the future directions of ecological stoichiometry of medicinal plants could be the study of the relationship between stoichiometric characteristic and growth and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants, and the influence of biotic (or abiotic) factors on the stoichiometric characteristic of medicinal plants.
Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development

The correlations between soil nutrition and yield as well as active compound contents of Coptis teeta were analyzed. The contents of 13 soil factors, rhizome biomass and the content of berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine in rhizome of C. teeta were determined, and analyzed by factor analysis (FA) and correlation analysis (CA). FA showed that the first three factors accounted for 86.9% of the total variance. The contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn correlated with the first factor. The content of organic matter, N, available N, available P, and available K correlated with the second factor. CA showed that yield of C. teeta had a significant positive correlation with available P (r = 0.931) at 0.01 level, and available N (r = 0.703) at 0.05 level. The content of berberine of C. teeta had a significant positive correlation with available P (r = 0.680) at 0.05 level. The yield and berberine content of C. teeta were high in the soil with high contents of available N and available P.
Berberine ; analysis ; metabolism ; China ; Coptis ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; metabolism ; Nitrogen ; analysis ; metabolism ; Phosphates ; analysis ; metabolism ; Potassium ; analysis ; metabolism ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Soil ; chemistry

Objective: For the purpose of finding new bioactive agents from ethnic medicines, the chemical study on Dai Medicine Cassia alata was carried out. Methods: The chemical constituents from the twigs of C. alata were isolated by column chromatographic methods of silica gel, MCI-Gel resin, Sephadex LH-20, and HPLC. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The cytotoxicity of this compound for NB-4, A-549, SHSY5Y, PC-3, and MCF-7 cells line was also evaluated by using the MTT method. Results: Four 2-arylbenzofuran compounds were isolated from this plant and identified as 7- methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzofuran (1), moracin N (2), 2-(2'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-aryl)-3-methy-6-hydroxybenzofuran (3), and moracin P (4). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound named as 7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzofuran. Compound 1 also displays the high cytotoxicity to tested cancer cell-line.

OBJECTIVETo provide the basis for improving utilization of Artemisia annua germplasm resources and breeding variety, the interrelations between artemisinin content, artemisinin yield and agronomic traits of A. annua were studied.

METHODThe artemisinin content and each agronomic trait of 63 A. annua germplasm resources were measured by the visual observation and measurement methods. And the correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis were adopted.

RESULTThe result showed that there were significant differences in the artemisinin content and yield of 63 germplasm resources from the main production region of A. annua. Correlation analysis showed that there were significantly positive correlation between leaf weight and artemisinin yield with stem and branch characters, but there were negative correlation between artemisinin content with leaf characters of A. annua plant. The artemisinin content of A. annua increased with the increasing of primary branch number, bottom secondary branch number, and bottom stem diameter, etc. On the other hand, it decreased with the increasing of top secondary branch number, secondary leaf axis length, and bottom branch diameter, etc. The artemisinin yield of A. annua increased with the increasing of artemisinin content, leaf weight, and bottom secondary branch number, etc., and decreased with the increasing of bottom branch diameter, middle secondary branch number, and stem weight, etc. Path analysis showed that the primary branch number and bottom secondary branch number had a direct positive effect on the artemisinin content of A. annua. But the top secondary branch number had a direct negative effect on the artemisinin content of A. annua. The leaf weight and artemisinin content had a direct positive effect on the artemisinin yield and the ratio of leaf/stem, branch weight and stem weight had a direct negative effect.

CONCLUSIONOn the breeding A. annua variety, it can take into account both high leaf yield and high artemisinin content. And it was strongly recommend that the plant with moderate plant height and crown, shortness pinnae and secondary leaf axis, less middle and top secondary branch, strong stem, higher primary branch number and bottom secondary branch number, and higher ratio leaf/stem could be selected for breeding new varieties with high leaf yield and high artemisinin content.

Artemisia annua ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Artemisinins ; analysis ; Biomass ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVEThe interrelation of yield and agronomic traits of Gentiana rigescens was studied for the germplasm and breeding variety of this species.

METHODTwelve agronomic traits, root diameter, root length, root number, root biomass, stem diameter, plant height, the first branch number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf length/leaf width ratio, calyx length, and calyx number of G. rigescens from 26 wild populations in Yunnan were determined for correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression analysis and path analysis.

RESULTCorrelation analysis showed that there were significantly positive correlation between the traits of aboveground part and the length, diameter, number, and biomass of the root. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that length, width, and number of root, plant height, the first branch number, and the calyx number were the main factors that affected the root biomass. Path analysis showed that the diameter, length, and number of the root, the stem height, and the first branch number had a direct positive effect on the root biomass.

CONCLUSIONThe traits, such as high and strong stem, high number of first branch number and shrubby shape could be selected for the breeding and high yielding of G. rigescens.

Gentiana ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plant Leaves ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; growth & development ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the solution of continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng.

METHODThe effects of balanced fertilization and soil amendment on the emergence rate, survival rate, growth and yield of P. notoginseng were studied with a pot culture experiment in 3-year-interval continuous cropping soil.

RESULTThe result showed that the content of total N, total P, available N, available P and other available components in continuous cropping soil were higher than those in fresh soil while available K and the rate of K/N were declined, and available Cu and some other micro elements were lack. The way of balanced fertilization "low N + fused calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer + high K + lime + micro elements" would significantly enhance the rate of survival, biomass and yield. It also promoted the growth of P. notoginseng in continuous cropping. The bagasse could relieve the continuous cropping obstacle obviously, the survival rate was improved for 31.6% and the yield of medicinal materials was 19.5%. The fly ash had also some effect in relieving the continuous cropping obstacle.

CONCLUSIONThe overall results suggested that the adequate fertilization plan is the applying lime, reducing N, applying calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, improving K and supplying mircoelement as well as applying bagasse to resolve the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of P. notoginseng.

Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural ; growth & development ; metabolism ; physiology ; Fertilization ; Nitrogen ; Panax notoginseng ; growth & development ; metabolism ; physiology ; Phosphates ; Soil ; chemistry

Flavonoids are an important effective component of traditional Chinese medicine, which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. The biosynthesis of flavonoid in plants is affected and regulated by various environmental factors. For a necessary environmental factor to plant growth and development, mineral nutrients are paid more and more attention on the regulation to the metabolism of flavonoids in medicinal plants. In this paper, an overview of flavonoids biosynthetic pathway, and the macroelements, microelements and rare earth elements on the metabolism of flavonoids in medicinal plants are presented. And the regulation mechanism of them are also analyzed and discussed.
Flavonoids ; analysis ; metabolism ; Minerals ; analysis ; metabolism ; Nutrition Assessment ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; metabolism