Objective To investigate the application of hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody detection method in population screening.Methods The colloidal gold rapid test method and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)were adopted to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV)antibodies,and the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR)was adopted to detect HCV-RNA viral load.Results (1)Among 539 samples,266 cases were antibody negative and 263 cases were antibody positive.(2)Among 67 cases in the HCV-RNA viral load <103 IU/mL group,60 cases were HCV antibody positive by ELISA and 30 cases were HCV antibody positive by colloidal gold rapid test.Among 208 cases in the HCV-RNA viral load ≥ 103 IU/mL,199 cases were antibody positive by ELISA,but only 181cases were antibody positive by the colloidal gold rapid method.Other 6 cases of were 2 kinds of antibody negative had the HCV-RNA viral load ≥ 103 IU/mL.(3)208 cases of HCV-RNA viral load ≥ 103 IU/mL sample were divided in-to four groups.GGT,ALT and AST were statistically significantly different P <0.05),while ALB and S/CO values hadno statisti-cal difference (P >0.05).Conclusion In order to reduce the missed diagnosis rate and diagnose hepatitis C as early as possible,the above laboratory detection methods should be jointly applied and the comprehensive analysis should be conducted in population screening.

BACKGROUND: High-concentration glucose can induce the formation of biofilms in Staphylococcus epidermidis.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of high-concentration glucose on eliminating ability and adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Tupaia belangeri.METHODS: Tupaia belangeri models of hyperglycaemia (≥11.1 mmoL/L) were induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozocin. PVC catheters were inserted into the left femoral vein, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with or without formation of biofilms was inoculated into the catheters.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Following transfection of Staphylococcus epidermidis with formation of biofilms, there were higher rates of bacterial infection as well as higher bacterium colony number in the serum, heart, liver, kidney and pancreas of Tupai belangeri in hyperglycemia group (≥11.1 mmoL/L) as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Detected by scanning electronic microscope, biofilm formation was remarkable in hyperglycemia group (≥11.1 mmoL/L) (P < 0.05). However, there was no formation of biofilms in hyperglycemia or control groups following transfection of Staphylococcus epidermidis without formation of biofilms. Hyperglycemia can induce the decreasing ability of eliminating bacteria and the increasing formation of biofilms on the surface of biomaterials transfected with Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from pregnant woman′s urine samples.Methods The urine samples of pregnant women who underwent prenatal examination were collected and cultured.VITEK2 automatic bacterial analyzer was used to identify the bacteria strains,and Escherichia coli ,Streptococcus agalac-tiae were tested for their drug susceptibility.Results The positive rates of urine culture were 4.4%和 3.8% respectively in 2011 and 2012.The top 5 most isolated strains were Escherichia coli ,S .agalactiae ,Enterococcus faecalis ,K .pneumoniae and Propeus vulgaris .In 2011 and 2012,the resistance rates of Escherichia coli to ampicillin and piperacillin was more than 50%,ESBLs-produ-cing rate in Escherichia coli had decreased in 2012 than 2011,the resistance rates of S.agalactiae to erythromycin and clindamycin were more than 30%.Conclusion Escherichia coli accounted for the largest proportion in the strains isolated from urine samples of pregnant women,The pathogen of urinary tract infection in pregnant women are still mainly Gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia co-li),the main pathogens common antibiotics are varying degrees of resistance,pathogens all display common drug resistance of var-ying degrees.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antibiotic resistance of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Yunnan provincal of China in 2014.Methods Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from 28 hospitals in Yunnan surveillance of China.All hospitals were carried with the unified solution for bacteria culture,isolation,identification and antibiotic sensitivity tests according to CLSI M100-S24.The data of 2 873 strains pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed by WHONET5.6 software.Results 2 873 clinical strains of non-repetitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates,90.36%were isolated from hospitalized patients and 60.32% from sputum,8.42% from urine,8.11% from secretion,4.70% from abscess,2.92% from blood,etc.The sensitive rates of common antimicrobial agents of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in top five were turn amikacin (88.7%),piperacillin/he azole temple (85.0%),tobramycin (83.1%),piperacillin (80.3%) and cefepime (80.1%).59.0% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were resistant to Aztreonam.20.9%-29.7% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were resistant to Imipenem,Ceftazidime,Meropenem,Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin.The Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed the lowest resistance rate (10.3%-19.9%) to Piperacillin,Gentamicin,Cefepime,Tobramycin,Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Amikacin.Conclusion The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern varies widly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Yunnan of China in 2014.Antimicrobial resistance sur-Monitoring the antibiotic resistant trend of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and implementing the nosocomial infection control policy become more important in hospital management setting.

Objective To investigate the distribution and changing resistance proifle ofSalmonella isolates in hospitals across China during the period from January 2005 to December 2014.Methods Seventeen general hospitals and two children’s hospitals were involved in this program. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by means of a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or MIC determination. The results were analyzed according to CLSI 2014 breakpoints.Results The proportion ofSalmonella isolates increased with time from 0.2% in 2005 to 0.7% in 2014. A total of 3 478Salmonella strains were collected from 19 hospitals. The proportion ofSalmonella typhimurium andSalmonella enteritidis was 27.4% and 24.4%, respectively. During the 10-year period, theSalmonella strains showed highest resistance rate to ampicillin (33.3%-64.8%), but low resistance to cefoperazone-sulbactam (0-5.3%) and ciprofloxacin (2.4%-14.3%).S. typhimurium showed higher resistance rate thanS. typhi,S. paratyphi andS. enteritidis. About 76.8% and 50.5% ofS. typhimurium were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The average prevalence of multi-drug resistantSalmonellawas 3.9% in the ten-year period, the highest (7.5%) was in 2005, the lowest (1.5%) in 2013.Conclusions During the period from 2004 to 2015, majority of theSalmonella isolates in hospitals across China wasS. typhimurium andS. enteritidis. Ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are no longer appropriate for empirical treatment ofS. typhimurium infection due to high resistance rate.Salmonella isolates are relatively more susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones. Ongoing monitoring is necessary to identify multi-drug resistant strains ofSalmonella.

To explore the clinical characteristics, risk factors and factors affecting the severity of the disease in patients with diabetic foot at the current stage through a multi-center cross-sectional survey.
 Methods: Clinical data of 326 patients with diabetic foot (205 males and 121 females) from 13 general hospitals nationwide were collected from October to November 2017 using a unified clinical data collection table. The clinical characteristics were analyzed, and the influential factors for severe diabetic foot were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.
 Results: Among 326 patients with diabetic foot, 68.4% of the patients were more than 60 years old, and 60.1% of the patients received primary or junior high school education; 96.3% of the patients developed Type 2 diabetes; 80.1% of patients had glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)≥7%; 60.1% of patients suffered dyslipidemia. Improper wearing of footwear (38.5%) is the main cause of diabetic foot. Diabetic neuropathy (76.7%), diabetic retinopathy (62.3%) and lower limb vascular disease (57.4%) were the most common complications. Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetic nephropathy, diabetic lower extremity vascular disease, and HbA1c levels were independent risk factors for severe diabetic foot, and receiving foot care education can be regarded as a protective factor.
 Conclusion: The diabetic foot occurs mostly in male patients, and Type 2 diabetes with older age, lower education level, poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia are the risk factors. Diabetic nephropathy, diabetic lower extremity vascular disease, HbA1c, and receiving foot care education are independent influential factors for the severity of diabetic foot.
China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Foot ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To understand the changing distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Proteus,Morganella and Providencia in hospitals across China from January 1,2015 to December 31,2021 in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out following the unified CHINET protocol.The results were interpreted in accordance with the breakpoints in the 2021 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)M100(31 st Edition).Results A total of 32 433 Enterobacterales strains were isolated during the 7-year period,including 24 160 strains of Proteus,6 704 strains of Morganella,and 1 569 strains of Providencia.The overall number of these Enterobacterales isolates increased significantly over the 7-year period.The top 3 specimen source of these strains were urine,lower respiratory tract specimens,and wound secretions.Proteus,Morganella,and Providencia isolates showed lower resistance rates to amikacin,meropenem,cefoxitin,cefepime,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.For most of the antibiotics tested,less than 10％of the Proteus and Morganella strains were resistant,while less than 20％of the Providencia strains were resistant.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales(CRE)was 1.4％in Proteus isolates,1.9％in Morganella isolates,and 15.6％in Providencia isolates.Conclusions The overall number of clinical isolates of Proteus,Morganella and Providencia increased significantly in the 7-year period from 2015 to 2021.The prevalence of CRE strains also increased.More attention should be paid to antimicrobial resistance surveillance and rational antibiotic use so as to prevent the emergence and increase of antimicrobial resistance.

Statistics show that 76.74% (4 688) of 6 109 patients with chronic wounds are those over 50 years of age; the proportion of patients with underlying diseases in all age groups above 50 years ranges from 78.25% to 100.00%; among the underlying diseases of chronic wound patients, the top four diseases are diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, and respiratory diseases. The above underlying diseases and ages of patients are the susceptibility factors of corona virus disease 2019 released by National Health Commission of China. It is an unavoidable fact that patients with chronic wounds have to go to the hospital for treatment prescribed by the physician. At the same time, we found that there were not a few patients who go far afield because of various reasons when go to the hospital for treatment. During the period of epidemic prevention and control, this kind of "go far afield" style of seeking medical treatment may increase the exposure risk during transportation. Accordingly, we convened 36 wound care clinics in different regions in Shanghai to implement the "Five Measures" to encourage patients with chronic wounds to seek medical treatment proximately. The principle of this operation is that when seeking medical treatment, trying our best to reduce as much as possible the transportation distance for patients with chronic wounds to minimize the exposure risk during the epidemic period and eventually support the epidemic prevention and control campaign.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.