There is rapid growth of pediatric surgery service in China in the recent years. A survey by the China Association �A gainst �Epi�lepsy underta�ken in �June ����� 2006���� on the ma�jor cities in different parts of the country showed a dramatic increase particularly in years 2004 and 2006. Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy accounts for half of the operation. Surgery has an important role in the treatment of drug resistant pediatric epilepsy. With large population and vast geographical spread, it is important to further develop pediatric epilepsy surgery service in China

The earliest activities related to epilepsy surgery in China ma�� � y be tra�ce��d to the 19���50s an�� �� d 60s��. A�ter a lull during the cultural revolution, there was resurgence of epilepsy surgery from the 1980s, and rapid development from 2000. It is estimated that app�roximately 150- ���200 p hysi�cians �currentl�� � y pra�cti�ce epilepsy surgery in the country.�� In year 2��� 005, there were a total of 2,��500 �cases of e�pile�ps��y o�perate��d in whole of �China, close to half in Beijing, Tian�jin, �Shanghai, �Chongqing an��d Guang�zhou, an�� a �uarter in Beijing. There are three Chinese epilepsy surgery journals, 5 monographs on epilepsy surgery, and “��Epilepsy surgery” edite�� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� d by HO Luders has also �been translate��d into �Chinese��.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathologic features of cerebral hemisphere ulegyria in children with refractory epilepsy.Methods The clinical and pathologic findings were reviewed in 26 children who underwent resection of lesion and epileptogenic lobectomy operation in the Neurosurgery Department of Haidian Hospital,Haidian District of Peking University Third Hospital,from January 2011 to August 2015,and pathological diagnosis was cerebral hemisphere ulegyria.Results All children including 19 male and 7 female had medically intractable seizures.The mean ages of seizure onset and disease duration were 3.93 years old (from 10 days to 12 years old) and 5.42 years (from 1 month to 13 years),respectively.Eight cases had seizures because of perinatal period injury,and 12 cases developed seizures owing to infancy injury and others had no cause of disease.The mean operation age was 9.35 years old (5-14 years old).Fourteen cases underwent multilobar resection and the whole corpus callosum incision,and 12 cases were given modified anatomical cerebral hemisphere resection.The pathological diagnoses of brain tissues were cerebral hemisphere ulegyria with focal cortical dysplasia(FCD) Ⅲ d and dual pathology.Seizure outcome after the operation revealed that 19 cases (73.08％) had an Engel grade Ⅰ,3 cases (11.54％)had an Engel grade Ⅱ,2 cases (7.69％) had an Engel grade Ⅲ,and 2 cases (7.69％) missed the follow-up.Conclusions Acquired brain injury during the period of infant can cause ulegyria and cortical dysplasia,resulting in intractable epilepsy.The treatment of improved anatomical cerebral hemisphere resection and multilobar resection is significantly effective.

Objective To evaluate the effect and safety of the argon plas ma coagulation (APC)a non－ touched technique via endoscopy. Methods Various po wer setting (40 W,60 W,80 W) at increasing exposure time (1 sec,3 sec,5 sec) wer e used during application of APC to different mucosa (gastric body and autrum) o f fresh stomaches gotten from 5 pigs.Histologic appearance and measurement of de pth and diameter of tissue necrosis area were examined through light microscope. Results Under the same power,the depth and the diameter were increased with th e exposure time increasing(P

Objective:To isolate genes related to benflumetol resistance in the rodent malaria P.berghei K173 strain.Methods:The mRNA differential display technique was used to identify differentially expressed genes between drug-sensitive P.berghei K173 strain and benflumetol-resistant strain selected under benflumetol pressure.Northern blot was performed in order to determine the genes actually derived from maternal strains.Results:PCR reactions were prepared respectively with twenty-four pairs of primers in each of the strains.Thirty-three differentially displayed genes fragments were cloned and eight of them were sequenced. The eight sequences were novel ESTs and were submitted to GenBank. Homology searching revealed that clone CB52 was slightly homologous to P.falciparum cyclophilin gene. Hybridization confirmed that the gene fragment CB52 was upregulated in the benflumetol-resistant parasite strain, while downregulated in the chloroquine-resistant strain.Conclusions:CB52 fragment was involved in the benflumetol resistance in P.berghei and the genetic mechanisms of drug-resistance to benflumetol and chloroquine were different.

Objective To screen gastric infiltrating carcinoma from gastric high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIEN) checked again by regular gastroscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy(CLE).Methods From January 2005 to December 2010,82 patients with endoscopic biopsy and the tissue pathological diagnosed HGIEN were collected at Department of Gastroenterology,Ruijin Hospital,Jiaotong University.61 male patients and 21 female patients were collected,of which 38 patients underwent common gastroendoscopy and the other 44 patients were underwent CLE besides common gastroendoscopy.The pathological diagnosis of endoscopic biopsy tissues were compared,and patients with indications were referred to surgery and pathological examination again.Results A total of 82 patients were confirmed by repeated examination,and there were 8 cases of inflammation or benign ulcers (24.4％),12 cases of low grade intraepithelial neoplasia (14.6％),10 cases of HGIEN (12.2％),52 cases of infiltrating carcinoma (63.4％).36 cases of differentiated carcinoma and 16 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma.Of the 21 infiltrating carcinoma cases diagnosed by CLE,17 cases (81.0％) were consistent with the pathological diagnosis.The consistent parameter value of κ between CLE diagnosis and pathological diagnosis was 0.7250.Conclusion It is necessary to make differential diagnosis of infiltrating cancer in patients with endoscopic biopsy and the tissue pathological diagnosed HGIEN.

Objective To investigate the values of urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecular-1 (KIM-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children after cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB). Methods Sixty-seven patients who had undergone CPB were recruited from March to June 2013 and assigned to acute kidney injury group (AKI group) or non-acute kidney injury group (non-AKI group) according to the pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) cri-teria. Serum and urine samples were collected from each patient at 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after CPB for serum and urine creatinine, urine NGAL, KIM-1 and IL-18. All the data were evaluated by receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and area under curve (AUC) analysis. Results Twenty-three cases (34.3%) had AKI in 67 children after CPB. Among them 15 cases were risk-stage AKI, 4 cases injury-stage AKI, 3 cases failure-stage AKI and 1 cases loss-stage AKI. The levels of urine NGAL/Ucr were higher in AKI group than those in non-AKI group at 4h, 48h and 72h after CPB (P<0.05). The cut-off value of NGAL/Ucr was 1.200 at 4 h after CPB, the sensitivity and specificity for prediction of AKI were 0.864 and 0.561, and the AUC was 0.671 (95%CI:0.537-0.804). The levels of urine KIM-1/Ucr were higher in AKI group than those in non-AKI group at 48h and 72 h after CPB (P<0.05). The cut-off value of KIM-1/Ucr was 1.162 at 24h after CPB, the sensitivity and specificity for prediction of AKI were 0.773 and 0.512, and the AUC was 0.698 (95%CI:0.563-0.834). The levels of IL-18/Ucr were higher in AKI group than those in non-AKI group at 4 h after CPB (P<0.05). The cut-off value of IL-18/Ucr was 0.04 at 4 h after CPB, the sensitivity and specificity for predici-ton of AKI were 0.773 and 0.561, and the AUC was 0.655 (95%CI:0.510-0.800). Conclusions It is indicated that urine NGAL, KIM-1 and IL-18 may have important clinical values for early prediction of AKI.

Objective Sylvian Veins morphology analysis contributes to cortex veins protection for clear surgical fields, a better choice for operation plan evaluation. Methods 33 cases diagnosed as epilepsy, male∶female=19∶14, mean ages 18.7y (9-52). Results 4 types of Sylvian Veins spreading were observed from the procession of functional surgery: long stem pattern 49%(16/33), short stem pattern 15%(5/33), long truncks pattern 33%(11/33), and absent stem pattern 3%(1/33). Conclusion Sylvian Veins morphology analysis shows that there exist 4 main patterns, which may contribute to functional surgery about frontal operculum, temporal operculum and insular lobe or intracranial electrode placement.

Objective To explore the changes of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the serum and intestine mucosal and the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC) with Tanshinone.Methods Seventy-nine patients with UC were randomly divided into the treatment group(group A,n=40) and the routine treatment group(group B,n=39).Patients in the group A were given Tanshionon and routine treatment.Patients in group B were given routine treatment.The levels of NO and SOD were measured in all patients before and after the treatment.The clinical symptom,enteroscopy,and hospital day were compared in the patients of the two groups.Twenty normal healthy controls(group C) were involved in the study.Results The NO level in the serum and intestine mucosal was significantly increased and the SOD level was significantly decreased in the patients with UC compared with those of the controls(all P

BACKGROUND: Angiotensinogen (AGT) gene is the firstly discovered candidate gene for essential hypertension, both the T174M and M235T polymorphisms locate at the second exons of AGT gene, and there is existence of linkage disequilibrium. The polymorphism at A-6G and G-217A sites in promotor region plays an important role in regulating the gene expression, and the products of keep close correlation with the level of blood pressure. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the polymorphism of AGT gene at A-6G, T174M and G-217A sites and the risk for the attack of essential hypertension in Chinese Han population, DESIGN: A cluster sampling and case-control analysis. SETTINGS: Department of Geriatrics and Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Southern Research Center of National Human genome; Department of Cardiology, Dongtai People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province. PARTICIPANTS: The experiment was carried out in the countryside of Dongtai county, Yancheng city, Jiangsu province. All the subjects were selected from the countryside of Dongtai county, Yancheng city, Jiangsu province. Totally 177 patients with essential hypertension who had never accepted any drug treatment, were taken as the essential hypertension group, and hypertension was diagnosed according to the diagnostic standard of hypertension set by WHO/ISH in 1999 (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg); Another 86 normal person were taken as the normal control group. ② Inclusive criteria: The enrolled subjects should be Han nationality; long-term local residents but not from other places; able to answer questions clearly; diagnosed by disease history, clinical symptoms, physical signs and assistant examinations; have complete data of investigation of uniform questionnaires by face-to-face interview (including demographic information, profession history, family history and life styles of smoking, drinking, drinking tea, etc.). ③ Exclusive criteria: The patients with secondary hypertension in the essential hypertension group, subjects having family hisory of hypertension in the normal control group, and those with chronic diseases of liver and kidney, and diabetes mellitus in both groups were excluded. METHODS: Peripheral venous blood samples (3 mL) were collected, and DNA was extracted from human peripheral blood with FlexiGene DNA Kit (250). The Primer3 software was applied to design primers, and the polymorphism sites in the primer sequence were excluded. After multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 3 μL products were selected to detected the amplified results by agarose gel electrophoresis. The successfully amplified PCR products were purified with the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit, and the purified products were fragmentized with Dnase Ⅰ . The fragmentized products of enzyme digestion were labeled with fluorescein by deoxynucleotide terminal transferase. Two allele specific probes and one mismatched probe were designed respectively for each single nucleotide polymorphism. The chips were prepared with the OmniGridTM 100 TLC samler, each probe was repeated for three times to form three matrix. The hyridization solution was degenerated at 95 ℃ for 10 minutes, and then immediately cut on ice. 10 μL hybridization solution was added onto the chip matrix, hybridized at 50 ℃ for 2 hours, then washed and dried. The chips were scanned with the GenePix 4000B laser confocal scanner (Figure 2),and the intensity of the fluorescent signal for each probe was extracted with GenePix Pro, and the allele score of each single nucleotide polymorphism was calculated to judge the genotype. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparison of the frequencies of genotype distribution at each polymorphism site of AGT gene in both groups; ② Correlation analysis of the polymorphism of AGT gene at A-6G and T-174M sites with the risk for the attack of essential hypertension; ③ Effects of the polymorphism of AGT gene at A-6G, T-174M and G-217A sites on blood pressure.RESULTS: According to the intention-to-treat analysis,all the 263 subjects were involved in the analysis of results. ① At the A-6G site of AGT gene, the frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes (P=0.014) and A and G alleles (P=0.004, OR=0.44) had significant differences between the essential hypertension group and normal control group; At the T174M site, the frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes (P=0.031) and A and G alleles (P=0.014, OR=0.55) were significantly different; At the G-217A site, no obvious differences were found in the GG, AG and AA genotypes (P=0.722) and G and A alleles (P=0.403, OR=0.80). ② The risk of essential hypertension in the individuals carrying AA genotype of A-6G polymorphism and CC genotype of T174M polymorphism was reduced by 57% (95%CI= 0.23-0.82, P= 0.010) and 56% (95%CI= 0.25-0.79, P= 0.006) respectively. ③ There were no significant differences in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure among different genotypes at the A-6G, T174M sites and G-217A sites (F=0.100- 2.911, P ＞ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The AA genope at A-6G and the CC genotype at T174M site of AGT gene may reduce the risk for the attack of essential hypertension in Chinese Hun population, and no significant correlation was found between the genotype of G-217A polymorphism and the attack of essential hypertension.