Recent evidences suggest that inflammatory factors play improtant roles in the pathogenesis and development of type 2 diabetes. The interaction of inflammatory factors with adipokines, oxidative stress and immune system causes insulin resistance and impairment of ? cell structure and function, and results in type 2 diabetes. Inflammation hypothesis of diabetes will provide a new research field in the pathogenesis of diabetes and in the development of new preventive and therapeutic drugs for diabetes.

[Objective] To observe the preventive and therapeutic effect of Anxin Granules in the treatment of hyperlipidemia [Methods] Thirty - two New Zealand male rabbits were randomized into 4 groups. Groups A, B, C and D were given with common forage, high fat forage, high fat forage with Zhibituo Tablets, high fat forage with Anxin Granules respectively. After 10 weeks of treatment, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and malondialdehyde ( MDA) and activity of superoxide dismustase (SOD) were detected. [ Results ] Anxin Granules decreased the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA. [Conclusion] Anxin Granules has a good effect in preventing and treating hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis by regulating blood lipid metabolism.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33-amino acid peptide derived from the tissue-specific, post-translational processing of the proglucagon gene.GLP-2 is a newly discovered,specific for the intestine growth factor that affects gastrointestinal functions including epithelial growth of normal and developing intestinal preventing damage and facilitating intestinal repair in animal models and patients of intestinal disease. GLP-2 also inhibits gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion, up-regulates intestinal blood flow and reduces food intake. The actions of GLP-2 are initiated by activation of the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R), a specific G-protein-linked membrane receptor. This review provides an overview of the physiological, pharmacological, and therapeutic actions of GLP-2 and GLP-2R signaling mechanism, with a focus on the most recent findings on the role of this peptide hormone in the normal and diseased gastrointestinal tract.

Objective To investigate the effect of insulin glaring(IG)and neutral protamine hagedorn(NPH)on metabolic control and islet cell function in type 2 diabetic patients who secondly failed to sulfonylureas(SU)treatment.Methods Fifty-two diabetic patients with second SU failure were studied in our hospital during May,2004 to Nov,2004,and they were divided into two groups:twenty treated with glipizide extended release tablets(GERT)plus IG injection,while thirty-two with GERT plus NPH.Fasting and postprandial blood glucose,HbA_1c,fasting and postprandial C-peptide were determined in all patients at different following points.Results Blood glucose decreased obviously and similarly in two groups;however,hypoglycemia occurred less in IG group.Interestingly,fasting and postprandial C-peptide significantly increased in IG group,but didn't change in NPH group.Conclusion Combination treatment with IG or NPH has good effect on metabolic control in second SU failure patients;and moreover,IG improves B-cell function.

Objective To investigate the direct economic loss caused by oral infection in patients with acute leuke-mia.Methods Acute leukemia patients with oral infection in a tertiary first-class hospital in Shandong Province be-tween January 2011 and December 2013 were investigated,the 1 :1 matched case-control method was used for com-paring hospitalization expense and length of hospital stay between oral infected (case group)and uninfected patients (control group ).Results A total of 994 patients with acute leukemia were monitored,277 had healthcare-associated infection,17 (5.56%)of whom were with oral infection.The median hospitalization expense of patients in case group and control group was￥37 327 and￥13 176 respectively,the total hospitalization expense of patients in case group was 2.83 times more than control group,difference was statistically significant (Z = -3.621 ,P <0.001).Each hospitalization expense of case group was higher than control group,especially expense for medicine, blood transfusion,laboratory examination,and therapy.The median length of hospital stay in case group and con-trol group were 17 days and 11 days respectively,rank sum test showed that difference in median length of hospital stay between two groups was statistically significant (Z =-3.627,P < 0.001 ).Conclusion Acute leukemia pa-tients with oral infection have increased hospitalization expense,prolonged length of hospital stay,and increased the financial burden.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Anxin Granules on dyslipidemia in rabbits caused by high fat plus high cholesterol diet. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group, untreated group, Zhibituo Tablet-treated group and Anxin Granule-treated group. Rabbits in the normal control group were fed with regular chow, while rabbits in the other three groups were fed with high fat plus high cholesterol diet. Zhibituo Tablets and Anxin Granules were administered to the rabbits in Zhibituo Tablet-treated group and Anxin Granule-treated group at a daily oral dose respectively. At the end of the 10th week, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A(1) (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were tested in each group, and the ultrastructures of the aorta were also observed by an electron microscope. RESULTS: Anxin Granules could reduce the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and ApoB. The results observed by electron microscope showed that, as compared with the untreated group and the Zhibituo Tablet-treated group, the atherosclerosis of aorta in the Anxin Granule-treated group was lighter. And it was found that there were few lipid droplet vacuoles in cytoplasm of the endothelial cells, and various cell organs and elastic membrane were existed, but no lipid droplet vacuoles in cytoplasm of the medial smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION: Anxin Granules can regulate the metabolism of blood lipid and inhibit the formation of atherosclerosis caused by hyperlipidemia in rabbits.

Objective To investigate the economic losses in kidney transplant patients with healthcare-associated lower respiratory tract infection(LRTI).Methods All transplant patients in a hospital from 2008 to 2012 were in-vestigated,patients with LRTI were in infection group(n=45),and patients without LRTI were in control group(n=266),hospitalization expenses and hospitalization days between two groups were compared.Results A total of 383 kidney transplant patients were included in the study,the incidence of LRTI was 11 .75% (n=45),median ex-pense of infection group and control group was ￥79 291 .82 and ￥72 185.14 respectively,the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05).The largest increased expense in patients with LRTI was medicine (increased by￥5 429.82),medicine and examination expense in infection group were significantly higher than control group (￥39 123.17 vs ￥33 693.35;￥702.52 vs ￥593.73;P <0.05 ).The median hospitalization days in infection group and control group was 28.38 days and 21 .47 days respectively,there was significant difference between two groups(P <0.05 ).Conclusion Kidney transplant patients with LRTI suffer from a heavy financial burden,and their hospitalization days are prolonged,so measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of LRTI and save limited medical resources.

Diabetic patients with secondary sulfonylureas failure were shifted to glipizide plus glargine ( n = 20) or neutral protamine hagedorn (n =32). Sixteen weeks later, blood glucose and HbAIC were decreased and serum C peptide level increased in both groups. Hypoglycemia occurred less frequently and?-cell function was improved in glargine group.

This paper described the treatment of itaconic acid strain of Aspergillus terreus As 3 2811 with uv irradiation and high temperature The mutant was obtained which grew in culture media containing succinic acid as the only carbon source Its productivity of itaconic acid was 5 times higher than the original strain The producing acid conditions were optimized by orthogonal experimental design By batch feeding glucose fermentation ,the itoconic acid productivity could be improved by 39 92%

Objective To investigate the efficacy of pancreatic duct stent in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) of difficult bile duct cannulation.Methods A total of 120 patients who underwent difficult bile duct cannulation during routine ERCP were randomized to receive pancreatic duct stent placement (S group) or not (NS group),and the incidence of PEP,hyperamylasemia and scores of abdominal pain were analyzed.Results There were 15 cases of hyperamylasemia and 5 cases of PEP occurred in S group,but no severe PEP was observed.The score of abdominal pain was (3.82 ± 1.48) in S group.There were 18cases of hyperamylasemia and 14 cases of PEP occurred,including 2 severe PEP in NS group.The score of abdominal pain was (7.48 ± 1.93) in NS group.There was no significant difference in the incidence of hyperamylasemia between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of PEP,severe PEP and the scores of abdominal pain were lower in the S group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Placement of pancreatic duct stent can reduce the PEP rate of difficult bile duct cannulation and relieve the abdominal pain.