OBJECTIVE:To discuss the economic effectiveness of different therapeutic schemes for the same disease.METH_ODS:104 cases of female's urogenital tract infections of gonococcus combining chlamydia were randomly divided into five gro_ups,which were given ofloxacin(A),levofloxacin hydrochloride(B),clarithromycin(C),azithromycin(D)and ceftriaxone+erythromycin(E)respectively.Using pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis method,the five schemes were compared.RES_ULTS:The costs of the five schemes were RMB 351,390,474,633 and 666 yuans,respectively.The ratios between cost and effectiveness were 5.7,4.5,5.5,7.6 and 8.3 in term of curative rate and 4.9,4.1,5.2,7.1 and 7.8 in term of effective rate respectively.CONCLUSION: B and C schemes are the best ones.

Clinical research is to provide guidelines for the clinical practice.First clinical re search should follow the ethics,and the researcher should have correct scientific attitude.Furthermore clinical research should be closely integrated with clinical practice and innovated with its feasibility taken into account.

Objective To study the relationship of the university students' procrastination and big five personality factors.Methods 461 university students were assessed by the simple edition of tuckman procrastination scale(TPS) and the big five personality inventory short form(NEO-FFI).Results TPS score of the student was (48.51 ± 7.66).There were 89.4% students respectively had different level of procrastination behavior.There were no significant differences in university students by the gender(47.95 ±7.84 vs 48.95 ± 7.43 ) ,whether one-child students(48.64 ± 7.49 vs 48.45 ± 7.81 ) and grades.There were significant positive correlation between procrastination and the personality factor of neuroticism( r=0.235, P＜0.01 ) and significant negative correlation with extraversion ( r=-0.180, P ＜ 0.01 ) and conscientiousness ( r =-0.198, P ＜ 0.01 ).The big five personality factors of neuroticism,extraversion and conscientiousness could explain the 14.0% variation of procrastination of university students.Conclusion Procrastination is a very common phenomenon in the university students.The students with higher neuroticism, lower extraversion and conscientiousness of big five personality have more procrastination behavior.

Objective:To investigate the effects of nitric oxide donor,sodium nitroprusside(SNP)on the expression and production of TLR4 in U937 induced by LPS.Methods:U937 was induced to maturation by PMA and then stimulated by LPS.Then the cells were treated with SNP and divided into four groups:control group without stimulation of LPS,LPS group(10 ng/ml LPS+100 ng/ml rhLBP),low dose SNP group and high dose SNP group(50,500 ?mol/L SNP respectly).The mRNA and protein of TLR4 was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot.Results:The mRNA of TLR4 in SNP groups was lower than those in LPS group(0.308?0.050 and 0.138?0.0044 vs 0.342?0.098,P0.05).Conclusion:SNP might have a potential protective role in LPS induced inflammation such as sepsis and acute lung injury through inhibiting the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4.

AIM:To investigate the inhibitory effect of P12,a kind of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-binding protein(LBP) inhibitory peptide,on the binding of LPS to macrophage in vitro.METHODS:Human monocyte-like cell line(U937 cells) was grown in RPMI-1640 and stimulated with PMA in order to induce their differentiation to macrophage stage.The relative affinity of P12 to LPS was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The effects of P12 on the binding of LPS to U937 cells were determined by flow cytometry analysis.The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-?) was measured by ELISA.RESULTS:The relative binding activity of P12 to LPS was higher than that of LBP in the same mass concentration.P12 inhibited the binding of FITC-conjugated LPS(FITC-LPS) to U937 cells.The productions of TNF-? was also significantly suppressed by P12.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that blockage of LBP at the inflammatory sites might attenuate LPS-induced circulatory shock.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of prehypertension among postmenopausal women.Methods2 592[(43±12)years old] health women were collected as the research object in Saihan District of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in April 2015,including 697[(58±6)years old] postmenopausal subjects and 1 895[(37±8)years old] premenopausal subjects.T test was used to compare means of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipid, and body massive index (BMI) between postmenopausal group and premenopausal group and to compare prevalence of prehypertension, hyperglycemias, dyslipidemias, overweight, and obesity between two groups.Logistic Regression was implemented to analyze the relationship between different risk factors and prehypertension among postmenopausal women.Results Compared with premenopausal women, the systolic pressure, diastolicpressure, BMI, FBG, triacylglycerol (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) in postmenopausal women were significantly higher(P<0.05).Prevalence of prehypertension, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes, TG abnormalities, LDL abnormalities, overweight, and obesity in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than in premenopausal women(P<0.05).Age 55 to 59, 60 to 64 and above 65 years overweight, obesity, IFG and diabetes were independent risk factors of prehypertension among postmenopausalwomen.Conclusions Age 55 yearsand above, overweight, obesity, IFG and diabetes are the independent risk factors of prehypertension among postmenopausal women.

Objective To investigate the presences of regulatory T cells (Treg) and natural killer T cell (NKT)-like T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy subjects and patients with newly diagnosed cancer. Methods Patients were enrolled into four groups: healthy subjects (Group A), patients without cancer (Group B), patients with newly diagnosed stage Ⅰ~Ⅱ cancer (Group C), and patients with newly diagnosed stage Ⅲ~Ⅳ cancer (Group D). Flow cytometry was performed to detect the percentage of CD4+ CD25high CD127low cells in CD4+ T lymphocytes (Treg) and the percentage of CD3+ CD56+ cells in CD3+ T lymphocytes (NKT-like). Results The percentage of Treg cells in CD4+T lymphocytes was(6.72 ± 3.16)%, (6.49 ± 2.83)%,(6.80 ± 3.07)%and (7.63 3.47)% in Group A, B, C and D, respectively, with no significant differences among these groups (P>0.05). However, the percentage of CD3+CD56+T cells in CD3+T lymphocytes was (3.13 ± 1.66)%, (2.56 ± 1.27)%,(7.22 ± 2.70)% and (7.72 ± 3.10)% in Group A, B, C and D, respectively, with marked increases in Group C and D compared to those in Group A and B (P < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with newly diagnosed cancer demonstrated increasing trends in the percentage of peripheral NKT-like cells.

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided transvaginal radiofrequency ablation in the treat ment of symptomatic uterine fibroid.Methods:39 patients with symptomatic uterine fibroid underwent transvaginal radiofrequency ablation therapy were selected Before treatment,the fibroid size and volume were measured using ultrasound.The fibroid-related symptom severity and quality of life were scored using uterine fibroid symptom and quality of life survey.The fibroid volume reduction rate,improvement in clinical symptom and quality of life,and ovarian function of patients were observed before treatment and at three,six,nine and 12 months after treatment.Results:The average operation time of radiofrequency ablation was 25 minutes.There was no clear intraand postoperative complication.Preoperative fibroid volume was 65.2± 49.3cm3,which was reduced to 32.2± 27.6 cm3,21.2± 18.2 cm3,15.3± 12.1 cm3 and 10.3± 9.8 cm3 at 3,6,9 and 12 months after treatment,respectively(P＜0.05).The symptom severity score (SSS) was 60.23± 13.2 before treatment,and gradually decreased to 42.2± 11.4,21.1± 10.2,15.4± 10.3 and 12.2± 9.7 at 3,6,9 and 12 months after treatment(P＜0.05).The quality of life (QOL) score gradually increased from 58.24± 16.24 before treatment to 70.3± 20.3,81.4± 8.6,86.3± 7.6 and 88.2± 9.1 at 3,6,9 and 12 months after treatment (P＜0.05).The levels of follicle stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone and estradiol at 3,6,9 and 12 months after treatment showed no difference compared with these before treatment (P＞0.05).Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided transvaginal radiofrequency therapy was a minimally invasive,safe,and effective therapy for symptomatic uterine fibroid.

To study the protective effects of Roudoukou-8 San extract on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiac myocytes and its relationship with tyrosine protein kinase 2(JAK2)/signal transducer and activator 3(STAT3)signaling pathway, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model of H9c2 cells was built by sodium dithionite(Na2S2O4). The vitality of the cells was tested by CCK-8; the contents of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine phosphate kinase(CK)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in cell culture medium were tested by fully automatic biochemical analyzer; the contents of catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in cells were tested by kits; cell apoptosis degree was tested by hoechst staining. And the protein expressions of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3, Bcl-2 and Bax in myocardial cells of each group were tested by Western blot. Hypoxia for 1 hour and reoxygenation for 3 hours of 2 mmol/L Na2S2O4 caused damage of about 50% H9c2 cells. Compared with the model group, the extracts of Roudoukou-8 San with different concentrations could increase the viability of cells. Besides, contents of CK, LDH and AST in cell culture medium were decreased significantly, while contents of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px were increased significantly. At the same time, the expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and Bcl-2 were significantly increased and that of Bax was significantly decreased. The effects of Roudoukou-8 San extract could bereduced by AG490 blocker. Therefore, Roudoukou-8 San extract possesses protective effects on Na2S2O4 induced-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiac myocytes through JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Ubiquitinating enzyme damaged-DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2) is a rind of DDB1 and CUL4-associated factors (DCAF), and identifies belonging to the family of ubiquitinating E3 enzymes. DDB2 combines with CUL4-DDB1 to form the ubiquitin ligase complex, and identifies targets protein substrate specificity to make the substrate ubiquitin and degradation. It affects the development of tumors through various pathways, such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, cell invasion and metastasis, cell premature senescence, cell proliferation and cancer stem cell population. This paper reviews the progress of the relationship between DDB2 and the development, treatment and prognosis judgment of tumors.