Objective To optimize the extraction method of salviae miltiorrhizae madix et rhizoma in Huoluo-Xiaoling granules. Methods According to the contents of Salvianolic acid B and Tanshinone Ⅱ A, the extraction method was established by comparing different solvents (water and 70% ethanol)and extracting modes (compound extraction and single herb extraction). Then orthogonal design was used to determine the optimum extraction method. Results Considering the contents of salvianolic acid B and tanshinone Ⅱ A, 70% ethanol extract was better than water extract and compound extraction was better than single herb extraction.The optimum extraction condition was 70% ethanol in eight times of the herbs weight, extracted for 1h by 3times. Conclusion The extraction method was simple and stable.

OBJECTIVETo establish method for determining the contents of alpha-pinene and octyl acetate in Boswellia serrata, in order to provide preference for making quality standards for B. serrata and processed B. serrata.

METHODApplication of orthogonal design was employed to optimize the solvent, solvent quantity and extraction time. The GC-MS analysis was performed on a Rxi-5ms silica capillary column, running in the electron impact (EI) mode, with ion trap and injector temperature of 200 degrees C and 250 degrees C, respectively. The column oven was initially 50 degrees C and was held for 1 min after injection, followed by temperature ramping at 5 degrees C x min(-1) up to 130 degrees C, holding for 1 min. 1 microL of samples solution were injected in the split mode (1:60). Helium was the carrier gas. The mass spectrometer was set to scan m/z 45450 with an ionizing voltage at 70 eV.

RESULTSample solutions were prepared for 50-fold dose by ultrasonic extraction with hexane for 30 min. The content of alpha-pinene and octyl acetate in 10 batches of B. serrata were 0.021 3-0.149 5, 2.519 6-9.098 0 mg x g(-1), respectively. And, those of alpha-pinene and octyl acetate in processed B. serrata were 0.015 9-0.065 9, 0.801 0-12.812 2 mg x g(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe method is a stable and reliable for determining the contents of alpha-pinene and octyl acetate in B. serrata.

Acetates ; analysis ; Boswellia ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Monoterpenes ; analysis

Objective To investigate the status quo of health literacy,motivation and self-management behaviours of patients with knee osteoarthritis(KOA),to explore the influence of health literacy and motivation on self-management behaviours to the patients with KOA,and to clarify the relationships among the three factors.Methods Convenience sampling method was used to select 169 KOA patients who were treated in 3 tertiary hospitals in Xianyang between September and December 2021.General status table,chronic disease health literacy scale,patient motivation scale and chronic disease self-management behaviour scale were employed in the on-the-spot survey.Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation of health literacy,motivation and self-management behaviour of patients with KOA.Results Total scores of health literacy,motivation and self-management behaviour of the patients with KOA were 79.66±11.91,54.97±9.95 and 23.75±8.89,respectively.It was found that health literacy and motivation of the patients were positively correlated with their self-management behaviour(r=0.872,r=0.822,both P<0.01).Health literacy of the patients was positively correlated with motivation of patients(r=0.877,P<0.01).Health literacy of the patients could be used to directly predict self-management behaviour of patients(β=0.708,95%CI:0.539-0.876),as well as to predict self-management behaviour of the patients through the mediating effect of patient motivation(β=0.228,95%CI:0.676-0.787).The mediating effect accounted for 24.36%of the total effect.Conclusions The health literacy,motivation and self-management behaviours of patients with KOA are all poor and they should be further improved.Patient motivation is the mediating variable in health literacy and self-management behaviour of the patients.It is suggested that nursing staff could encourage the motivation of patients hence to improve the self-management behaviour in the patients with KOA based on an improvement of health literacy.

Objective To investigate the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)on cognitive function and the effective connectivity with in the default mode network(DMN)in the brain.Methods A total of 93 hospitalized patients diagnosed with T2DM were enrolled in this study as T2DM group from The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine during September 2021 to December 2022.Simultaneously,108 healthy individuals were recruited from the community as normal control(NC)group.The cognitive functions were evaluated in the two groups.A random dynamic causal modeling approach was employed to analyze the effective connectivity within DMN in both groups.Additionally,Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the association between differential connectivity,clinical indicators,and cognitive scores in both groups.Results In comparison to the NC group,T2DM individuals exhibited statistically significant reductions in scores in the auditory verbal learning test(AVLT)for immediate recall and the digit symbol substitution test(DSST)(P＜0.05).Additionally,they displayed a notable decrease in effective connectivity from the left lateral parietal cortex(LLPC)to the posterior cingulate cortex(PCC),as well as from the LLPC to the right lateral parietal cortex(RLPC)within the DMN(P＜0.05).Pearson correlation analysis unveiled a negative association between HbA1c levels and the strength of effective connectivity from LLPC to PCC.Conversely,a positive correlation was observed between AVLT(immediate)scores and the strength of effective connectivity from LLPC to PCC and LLPC to RLPC.Additionally,DSST scores displayed a positive correlation with the strength of effective connectivity from LLPC to PCC(P＜0.05).Conclusion Patients with T2DM display compromised effective connectivity from LLPC to PCC and LLPC to RLPC within the DMN network,and this alteration may associated with cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between out-of-home eating (OH eating) and overweight/obesity among adults in China.

METHODSA total of 33 828 subjects aged 18-60 years old from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were selected to calculate their daily consumption of food and nutrition, when people eating at home or out-of-home. The 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect food intake information ( not including the condiment intake). The logistic regression method was used to analyze the relationship between OH eating and overweight/obesity.

RESULTSThe prevalence of OH eating among Chinese adults aged 18-60 years old was 28.3% (9 562/33 828) in 2002. Overall, the prevalence of OH eating was significantly greater among men compared to women (P < 0.05) , and the rate for men was 32.4% (5 117/15 805), and the rate for women was 24.7% (4 445/18 023). Besides, men who ate out of home showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those who ate at home (P < 0.05) , and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 38.9% (1 991/5 117) and 31.7% (3 389/10 684), respectively. While women who ate at home showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those who ate out of home, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 38.1% (5 174/13 571) and 35.6% (1 581/4 445), respectively. Compared with at-home eating group, 130.4 kJ energy, 12.2 g fat, 6.2 g protein and 67.1 mg sodium were excessively consumed per day for men, and 102.5 kJ energy, 8.6 g fat, 3.4 g protein and 60.6 mg sodium were excessively consumed per day for women. To sum up, OH eating was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men (OR = 1.18, 95% CI:1.09-1.27) , but not among women (OR = 0.94, 95% CI:0.87-1.01).

CONCLUSIONOH eating was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men in China.

Adult ; China ; Diet ; Eating ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Restaurants ; Sex Factors ; Sodium, Dietary

ObjectiveTo explore the improvement effect of Flos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen， and their compatibility on acute alcoholic gastric mucosal injury， and lay a foundation for further development of Flos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen， and their compatibility in the prevention and treatment of alcohol-induced multiple organ injury. MethodThe acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury model of mice was established by multiple intragastric administration of 56% Hongxing Erguotou liquor （15 mL·kg^-1）. A total of 120 male ICR mice were randomly divided into 8 groups， namely， the blank group， model group， omeprazole group （0.026 g·kg^-1）， Flos Puerariae-Hoveniae Semen （compatibility） high， medium， and low-dose groups （29.2，14.6， 7.3 g·kg^-1）， Flos Puerariae group （19.5 g·kg^-1）， and Hoveniae Semen group （19.5 g·kg^-1）， with 15 mice in each group. After one week of adaptive feeding， the animals were pre-administrated with the corresponding drug at the rate of 10 mL·kg^-1 for 3 d. From the 4^th day， after 1 h of administration， Erguotou liquid was administrated at the rate of 15 mL·kg^-1 and the blank group was administrated with the same volume of deionized water to record the drunkenness and sober up time. The administration was lasted for 3 d. One hour after the last administration， the eyeballs were removed and the mice were sacrificed. The concentration of ethanol in serum was determined by gas chromatograph， and the activity of ethanol dehydrogenase （ADH） in gastric mucosa was determined by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometer. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes in gastric mucosa. Serum inflammatory factors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） p65 and NF-κB inhibitory protein α （IκBα） were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultAs compared with the normal group， the content of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in serum of mice in the model group was increased （P<0.05）， the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 in gastric mucosa tissues was increased （P<0.01）， and the mRNA expression of IκBα was decreased （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， the drunkenness time of the omeprazole group， high and medium-dose compatibility groups， and Flos Puerariae group was prolonged （P<0.05）， the sober up time of the high and medium-dose compatibility groups was shortened （P<0.05）， the ethanol concentration in the serum of the high-dose compatibility group was decreased （P<0.05）， the ADH activity in the gastric mucosa of the omeprazole group and high and medium-dose compatibility groups was increased （P<0.05）， the macroscopic injury score of the high， medium， and low-dose compatibility groups and Flos Puerariae group was decreased （P<0.05）， the score of pathological injury in the omeprazole group， high， medium， and low-dose compatibility groups， and Flos Puerariae group was decreased （P<0.01）， the expression of IL-6 in serum of all drug groups was decreased （P<0.05）， the expression of IL-1β in serum of the omeprazole group， high， medium， and low-dose Flos Puerariae groups， and Hoveniae Semen group was decreased （P<0.05）， the expression of TNF-α in serum of high and medium-dose groups was decreased （P<0.05）， the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 in gastric mucosa tissues of all drug groups was decreased （P<0.05）， and the mRNA expression of IκBα in gastric mucosa tissues of the omeprazole group and high， medium， and low-dose compatibility groups was increased （P<0.05）. As compared with the high-dose compatibility group， the drunkenness time in the low-dose compatibility group and Hoveniae Semen group was shortened （P<0.01）， the sober up time in the Flos Puerariae and Hoveniae Semen groups was prolonged （P<0.01）， the concentration of ethanol in the serum of the medium and low-dose compatibility groups， Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group increased （P<0.05）， the macroscopic injury score of the medium and low-dose compatibility groups and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.05）， the pathological injury score of the medium and low-dose compatibility groups， Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.01）， the content of IL-1β in serum of low-dose compatibility group， Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.01）， and the mRNA expression of IκBα in gastric mucosa of the Flos Puerariae group and Hoveniae Semen group was decreased （P<0.05）. As compared with the medium-dose compatibility group， the drunkenness time in the Hoveniae Semen group was shortened （P<0.05）， the sober up time in the Flos Puerariae group was prolonged （P<0.05）， the pathological injury score in the Flos Puerariae group and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.01）， and the content of IL-1β in serum of the low-dose compatibility group， the Flos Puerariae group， and Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.05）. As compared with the low-dose compatibility group， the pathological injury score of the Hoveniae Semen group was increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionFlos Puerariae， Hoveniae Semen， and their compatibility play a role in preventing and treating acute alcoholic gastric mucosal injury in mice， which may be related to the inhibition of the expression of NF-κB signal pathway in gastric mucosa， and the high-dose compatibility group has the optimal effect.