Objective To examine the effects of exercise intensity and duration on the structure,function and fibrosis of the left and right ventricular,and to discuss the potential mechanism in these processes.Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sedentary(Sed)group,a moderate exercise(ME)group and an intensive exercise(IE) group,each of 16.Rats in Sed group were not given any training,while those in ME group and IE group run on treadmill at the speed of 15.2 m/min with the slope gradient of 5° and 28 m/min with the slope gradient of 10 degree 1 hour per day,5 days per week.Eight and 16 weeks after the training,we recorded the body weight and measure end-diastolic diameter,end-diastolic wall thickness,and ejection fraction of both ventriculars using the ultrasonic testing.All rats were then sacrificed after blood sampling.Elisa was used to measure serum cTnI concentration,and sirius red staining was applied to evaluate collagen volume fraction of both ventriculars.Results Eight or sixteen weeks after the training,the average bi-ventricular end-diastolic diameter of ME and IE rats was bigger than Sed group.There were no differences in end-diastolic diameter of both ventricular between ME group and IE group after sixteen-week training,but the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of IE group was greater than ME group.As exercise intensive increased and time accumulated,the end-diastolic wall thickness of both ventriculars increased but without statistical significance.At sixteen-week intervention,the bi-ventricular ejection fraction of IE rats was significantly lower than Sed and ME groups,while there was a decreasing trend eight weeks earlier without significant differences.After 8 or 16 weeks of training,the serum cTnI was significantly higher in IE rats than Sed group or ME group,but there was no significant differences between ME group and Sed group.After 16 weeks' exercises,the average bi-ventricular collagen volume fraction of ME or IE group was greater than that after 8 weeks' exercises.The average collagen volume fraction of the right ventricular was greater than Sed group at the same time points,and after sixteenweek training the right ventricular collagen volume fraction in IE group was significantly greater than ME group.However,there were no significant differences in the measurement of the left side among different groups.The serum cTnI was negatively correlated with the left and right ventricular systolic function(r=-0.327,P=0.029 and r=-0.582,P=0.000).Moreover,it was positively correlated with the right ventricular collagen volume fraction moderately,but had no correlation with the left ventricular collagen volume fraction.Conclusion(1)Sixteen-week moderate and intensive exercise result in left ventricular dilation,and the dilation increases with the increase of the exercise intensity.Only 8 weeks' exercise at the same intensity can lead to right ventricular dilation,but exercise intensity has little influence on the right ventricular dilation.(2)Long-term moderate or intensive endurance exercises may cause bi-ventricular hypertrophy potentially.The left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation may not be synchronous with hypertrophy followed by dilation,while the right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation is synchronous.(3)The temporary decrease in bi-ventricular systolic function after intensive endurance exercise may be caused by ventricular injury,with more serious injury in the right ventricular than in the left.Moderate exercises don't cause ventricular injury,thus there is little or no influence on ejection fraction.(4) Long-term (8 or 16 weeks)moderate or intensive endurance exercises can increase the right ventricular collagen volume fraction,which may indicate cardiac fibrosis following right ventricular injury but not in the left ventricular.The bi-ventricular collagen volume fraction at sixteenth week in ME and IE rats are greater than corresponding rats at eighth week.It may result from the hypertrophy of bi-ventricular cardiomyocyte after 8-week training,followed by increase in the extracellular matrix but not cardiac fibrosis.

Objective To explore the expression level of miR-21 in exercise-induced right ventricular (RV) fibrosis,and to analyze the role of miR-21 in exercise-induced right ventricular fibrosis.Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sedentary (Sed) group,a moderate exercise (ME) group and an intensive exercise (IE) group,each of 24.Rats in the Sed group were free of exercises,while those in ME and IE groups ran an hour on treadmill at 5°and 10° slopes at the speed of 15.2 m/min and 28 m/min respectively for 8 weeks,12 weeks or 16 weeks every day,5days per week.Twenty-four hours after the last training,all rats were sacrificed after blood sampling.The right ventricles were removed,and the collagen volume fraction (CVF) was tested using Sirius red staining,Collagen Ⅰ (Col Ⅰ) content was quantified using Immunofluorescence.The expression level of miR-21 was measured using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results Af ter 12 weeks (P＜0.05,P＜0.05) and 16 weeks (P＜0.01,P＜0.01) of intensive exercises,the average CVF in the right ventricular was significantly higher than that of Sed and ME rats.Compared to Sed and ME groups,12 weeks (P＜0.01,P＜0.01) and 16 weeks (P＜0.01,P＜0.01) of intensive exercises significantly increased RV collagen Ⅰ content.Compared to the Sed group,the expression of miR-21 in RV increased significantly in the IE group (P＜0.01,P＜0.05 and P＜0.05).After 16-week intensive exercises,the miR 21 expression was positively correlated with the RV Col Ⅰ content.Conclusion The right ventricular fibrosis induced by long-term intensive exercises is associated with increased miR-21 expression level.Therefore,miR-21 is a potent therapeutic target and novel biomarker of the exercise-induced right ventricular fibrosis.

Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles secreted by a variety of cell types such as cardiomyocyte, hepatocytes, and stem cells. They carry specific sets of mRNA, microRNA, and proteins, which play a role in intercellular communication in almost each physiological and pathological process. Exosomes, which are released after tissue cell injury, can initiate repair/regeneration responses by triggering inflammation and active fibroblast, and finally lead to tissue fibrosis. However, exosomes released by stem cells can retard tissue fibrosis by enhancing cell survival and reducing apoptosis. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress in the relationship between exosomes and tissue fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the anti tumor effects of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by tumor antigen specific dendritic cells. Methods Soluble tumor antigen was prepared by four freeze thaw cycles of gastric tumor cell line SCG7901. Anti gastric tumor vaccine was acquired by co incubation of tumor antigen and mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells and cultured with granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin 4. Antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced by this tumor vaccine from the spleen and were applied to tumor bearing nude mice. Results Tumor growth was significantly inhibited and the apoptosis of tumor cells was promoted extensively. Conclusions Antigen specific dendritic cell tumor vaccine may play an important role in future immunotherapy of gastric cancer.

Objective To analyse the morphological and phenotypic characteristics of dendritic cells obtained by induction of peripheral blood monocytes of gastric cancer patients and provide an experimental basis of (dendritic) cells for the biological treatment of gastric cancer. Methods Peripheral blood monocytes of gastric cancer patients were co-cultured with GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-? to obtain the dendritic cells. The (morphological) characteristics of the dendritic cells were observed by light and electron microscopes and the (phenotypes) were studied by flow cytometry. Results Mature dendritic cells were oblained seven days after (induction) culture. These cells showed numerous typical dendritic protuberances on their surface.The (phenotypes) of the cells increased gradually with their maturation and reached stable levels seven days later. Conclusions Mature dendritic cells could be obtained from peripheral blood monocytes of gastric cancer (patients) after induction culture with GM-CSF,IL-4 and TNF-?. The obtained cells had typical morphological and phenotypic characteristics. These cells could be used for further research in the biological treatment of (gastric) cancer.

Objective To provide experimental basis for the study of SGC7901 gastric cancer cell-dendritic cell fusion vaccine. Methods The fusion of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells and dendritic cells was induced by PEG. We obtained pure fusion cells by selective culture with HAT/HT culture systems. The growth curve characters, clone abilities, abilities to irritate T lymphocytes and the ability to grow were detected. Results The fusion cells had weaker proliferative abilities and clone abilities with increased abilities to irritate T lymphocytes. The CPM value of T lymphocytes were 15083?231、 9608?83、 4214?135、 3020?28 respectively when they were co-cultured with the fusion cells on different proportions. Conclusion SGC7901 gastric cancer cell-dendritic cell fusion cells keep strong abilities to irritate T lymphocytes while inable to grow into new planted tumors in immunodeficiency animals.

Objective To study the activation effects to cytotoxic T lymphocytes by gastric cancer cell-dendritic cell(DC) fusion vaccines and to provide theoretical data for biological therapy of gastric cancer based on(anti-tumor) fusion vaccines.Methods(1)Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from gastric cancer patients were separated and co-cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors,interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-? to generate mature dendritic cells.(2)The dendritic cells and SGC7901 cells were fusioned by use of polyethylene glycol,and the pure fusion cells were screened out and cultured with HAT and HT(selective) culture systems.(3)The ability of fusion cells to activate the cytotoxic T lymphocytes was(investigated) by using MLA method.Results(1)Mature dendritic cells were gained from gastric cancer(patients)′ peripheral blood mononuclear cells by co-culturing with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors,interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-?.(2)Dendritic cells and SGC7901 cells could be fusioned by PEG and could get pure fusion cells by culture with HAT/HT selective culture systems.(3)The fusion vaccines could strongly activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes,and there were significent differences between the(fusion) vaccine group and the control group.(P

Aconitum brachypodum is traditionally known to be toxic chinese medicie, but its chemical constituents is not enough studied to date. To further elucidate the chemical constituents of A. brachypodum, 80% ethanol extract of A. brachypodum collected from Dong-Chuan area was investigated, which led to isolation of seventeen compounds. By spectroscopic methods, their structures were determined as hypaconitine (1), mesaconitine (2), talatisamine (3), neoline (4), fuziline (5), aconine (6), bullatine A (7), lepeine (8), songrine (9), isocorydine (10), beta-sitosterol (11), daucosterol (12), stearic acid (13), triacontanol (14), palmitic acid (15), benzoic acid (16), and inosine (17), respectively. All compounds except for compounds 1 and 7 were isolated from A. brachypodum for the first time.
Aconitum ; chemistry ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Objective To estimate curative effect of reconstruction of rabbit knee joint cartilage defect with the homogeneitic tissue engineered cartilages.Methods The chondrocytes were isolated and collected from articular cartilages of eight New Zealand white rabbits.The tissue engineered cartilages after culturing chondrocytes and atelocollogen for two days.Cartilage defects were created in both keen joint of twenty-six rab- bits.Complexes of chodrocytes and atelocollagen was grafted into the defect of left knee joint at once as experi- mental group,and no implantation were served as control.General and histological examination were respec- tively performed in both group at four weeks and eight weeks after surgery.Results After implantation,the defects were filled with cartilaginous tissue in experiment group,while there were only tissue in control group. Histologically,defective areas were filled with chondrocytes in experiment group,but only fibroblast in control group.Conclusion The implantation of the tissue engineered cartilages contenting with chondrocytes and atelocollogen can effectively improve reconstruction of rabbit knee joint.

Aim To investigate the potential applica-tion of a non-viral gene carrier Tat-LK15 for delivering siRNA targeting nNOS in vitro, which provides evi-dence of Tat-LK15 mediating siRNA targeting nNOS in vivo for treatment of neuropathic pain. Methods 1. Tat-LK15 was mixed with siRNA, then the mixture was analyzed the best ratio by Gel retardation. The trans-fection efficiency of FAM-siRNA mediated by Tat-LK15 on RGC-5 cells was examined by Flow Cytome-try. The apoptosis ratio of RGC-5 was identified by Flow Cytometry 24 h after treated with the different do-ses of Tat-LK15 (1, 2. 5, 5, 10 and 20 μg). 2. The model of RGC-5 cell overexpression of nNOS protein was prepared. 3. RGC-5 cells were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,model group, Tat-S group ( Tat-LK15 mediate nNOS/siRNA transfection model cell) , Lipo-S group ( LipofectamineTM RNAiMAX me-diate nNOS/siRNA transfection model cell) and Tat-N group ( Tat-LK15 mediate NCsiRNA transfection model cell) . Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion( Q-PCR) and Western blot were used to evaluate nNOS expression level assay. Results It indicated that the Tat-LK15/siRNA complex completely formed at the weight ratio of 2∶ 1 (μg/μg) , and the transfec-tion efficiency was (84. 4 ± 3. 9)%. It caused cotytox-icity when Tat-LK15 dose was 20 μg ( 6. 1 μmol · L-1 ) , and the apoptosis rate more than control group [(10. 3 ± 1. 1)% vs (7. 4 ± 0. 9)%, P<0. 05]. The nNOS protein level of RGC-5 cells was significantly el-evated after modeling. Compared with that of model group, Tat-LK15/siRNA efficiently inhibited the ex-pression of nNOS at transcriptional level or protein leve1 of Tat-S group ( P <0. 05 ) , and there was no significant difference of the efficiency inhibited between Tat-S group and Lipo-S group. Conclusions Tat-LK15’ advantage is with high efficiency, low cytotox-icity. The Tat-LK15 can deliver siRNA targeting nNOS in vitro efficiently and safely.