Chlorogenic acid displays several important roles in the therapeutic properties of many herbs, such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, antiviral, scavenging free radicals and exciting central nervous system. Only about one-third of chlorogenic acid was absorbed in its prototype, therefore, its gut metabolites play a more important role in the therapeutic properties of chlorogenic acid. It is necessary to consider not only the bioactivities of chlorogenic acid but also its gut metabolites. This review focuses on the potential activities and mechanisms of chlorogenic acid and its gut metabolites on central nervous system diseases.
Animals ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Chlorogenic Acid ; administration & dosage ; metabolism ; Humans ; Intestines ; drug effects ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the clinical role of central venous pressure(CVP) to evaluate fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients. Methods 66 septic shock patients were studied, every patient was administered a volume challenge, before and after it, CVP, intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI),global end-diastolic volume index(GEDVI), cardiac index(CI), stroke volume index(SVI) were measured by PiCCO method. All the obtained values were analyzed by statistics method. Results Initial CVP in responders is significantly different from that in nonresponders; △ITBVI, △GEDVI, △CI, △SVI, △HR (△:changes) before and after volume challenge in responders were significantly different from those in nonresponders; the significance of △ITBVI, AGEDVI to predict volume responsiveness was strong indicated by high values of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (0.674 and 0.700, respectively).If patients were regrouped by CVP≤11 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) and CVP > 11 mm Hg, initial ITBVI and GEDVI in responders were not significantly different from that in nonresponders; △ITBVI,△GEDVI, △CI, △SVI before and after volume challenge in responders were significantly different from those in nom'esponders. Conclusion In septic shock patients, CVP play a guidance role to predict and evaluate volume responsiveness and when CVP was > 11 nun Hg, a positive response will be less likely. Initial volumetric parameters(intrathoracic blood volume and global end-diastolic volume) play a questionable role in predicting and evaluating volume responsiveness, changes before and after volume challenge maybe helpful.

Objective:To determine if suitable electric pulses-mediated DNA and DNA and bupivacaine complexes delivery technologies could enhance effects of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) DNA vaccines in mouse model. Methods:Vaccination of mice i.m. with plasmid DNA replicon vaccine pSCARSHc and conventional plasmid DNA vaccine pcDNASHc following electric pulses and with DNA and bupivacaine complexes. AHc-specific group antibody ELISA titers and lymphocyte proliferative responses of mice were detected and IgG1 and IgG2a isotype profiles were assayed. Results:Immune effects of DNA vaccines were enhanced following electric pulses and bupivacaine delivery. Effects of DNA vaccines following electric pulses were better than that of DNA vaccines formulated with bupivacaine,and the combined delivery technology of electric pulses and bupivacaine induced the highest level of specific antibodies and lymphocyte proliferative responses. Plasmid DNA replicon vaccine pSCARSHc induced relatively higher AHc-specific antibodies and lymphocyte proliferative responses in immunized Balb/c mice than conventional plasmid DNA vaccine pcDNASHc in these DNA delivery technologies. And vaccine pSCARSHc induced Th2/Th1-type immune responses with a general bias to Th2-type,and vaccine pcDNASHc induced Th2-type immune responses. Conclusion:Suitable electric pulses-mediated DNA and DNA and bupivacaine complexes delivery technologies could enhance effects of BoNT/A DNA vaccines in mouse model. Therefore,the methods described here potentially provide suitable strategies in developing an efficacious vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype A.

Objective To investigate the effects of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate on liver function of patients with gastrointestinal cancer following chemotherapy.Methods From Apr.2012 to Dec.2015,a total of 168 cases of patients with gastrointestinal cancer following chemotherapy were enrolled,and were randomly divided into observation group(84 cases) and control group(84 cases).Each of the two groups was divided into A group(42 cases) and B group(42 cases) according to the treatment methods.Patients of observation group(including observation A group and observation B group) were treated with magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate,while patients of control group(including control A group and control B group) were treated with glutathione.Patients of A group(including observation A group and control A group) were treated with FOLFOX4 regimen,while patients of B group(including observation B group and control B group) were treated with XELOX regimen.The incidence of abnormal liver function and changes of the levels of liver function of each group were analyzed and compared.Results After the appropriate treatment,the abnormal rate of liver function of observation group were significantly lower than control group(P<0.05).After treatment,levels of liver function parameters in observation group and control group were all significantly increased(P<0.05),and those in control group were higher than observation group(P<0.05).After treatment,levels of liver function parameters in observation A group and control A group were all significantly increased(P<0.05),and those in control A group were higher than observation A group(P<0.05).After treatment,levels of liver function parameters in observation B group and control B group were all significantly increased(P<0.05),and those in control B group were higher than observation B group(P<0.05).Conclusion Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate could be with protection effects on liver function of patients with gastrointestinal cancer following chemotherapy,which might be worthy of promotion.

Objectlve To research and analyze the hemod)rnamic status of refractory septic shock associated cardiac dysfunction.Methods 70 refractory septic shock patients were studied.In the duration of pulmonary artery catheter(PAC)-directed hemodynamic optimization,the patients were divided into a cardiac dysfunction group and a control group.Hemodynamic parameters,arterial blood lactate concentration and APACHE II scores were obtained instantly after the placement of a PAC,then lactate clearance in 24 hours was surveyed and calculated.Subsequently the two groups of patients were regrouped by nonsurvivor and survivors respectively.All the obtained values were analyzed with statistic methods.Results 37% of the refractory septic shock patients was complicated with cardiac dysfunction.The age of the patients complicated with cardiac dysfunction was significantly higher than that of the patients of the control group.Central venous pressure(CVP),pulmonary artery obstruction pressure(PAOP),pulmonary artery pressure (PAP),systemic vascular resistance index(SVRI),pulmonary vascular resistance index(PVRI)and oxygen extraction ratio(O2ext)in the cardiac dysfunction group were significantly different from those in the control group.Cardiac output(CO),cardiac index(CI),oxygen delivery index(DO2I)and mixed venous oxygensaturation(S-v O2)were significantly lower than those of the patients in the control group.S -v O2 had a strong correlation witIl CI.If the patients were regrouped by nonsurvivors and survivors.in the patients complicated with cardiac dysfunction APACHE II scores were significantly higher in the nonsurvivors than survivors:the lactate clearance in 24 hours(median-25%)of the nonsurvivors was significantly lower than that of nonresponders(median 22%),P＜0.05.Conclusion (1)In refractory septic shock patients,cardiac dysfunction maybe the main reason leading to bad outcome.(2)Higher CVP and PAOP and lower S -v O2 indicate the onset of cardiac dysfunction.(3)The patients with significantly high initial arterial blood lactate level and the low lactate clearance in 24 hours had bad outcome.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of neonatal invasive fungal infection(IFI) so as to guide diagnosis,prevention and treatment of IFI.Methods Seventy-six neonates with IFI admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Children's Hospital of Fudan University from 2004 to 2014 were included in the study.Pathogens,clinical manifestation,risk factor exposure,laboratory findings,complications,and clinical outcome of neonatal IFI were analyzed.Results Seventy-six cases were diagnosed as IFI between 2004 and 2014,with an yearly increasing trend.Sixty-eight patients were premature infants (89.5％).Of the 76 cases,except one with unknown birth weight,11(14.7％),34(45.3％),20(26.7％)and 10 (13.3％) cases had birth weight ＜ 1 000 g,(≥ 1 000-＜1 500) g,(≥ 1 500-＜2 500) g and ≥ 2 500 g,respectively.The pathogens were mainly Candida (74/76,97.4％),including 26 cases of Candida albicans (34.2％).However,the incidence of non-Candida albicans infection was increasing.Candida guilliermondii was the most common in nonCandida albicans,accounting for 29.2％ (14/48).All Candida albicans were sensitive to fluconazole.One strain of Candida glabrata was resistant to fluconazole.The most common risk factors included use of broad-spectrum antibiotics(93.3％,56/60),parenteral nutrition(70.0％,42/60),central vein catheterization(53.3％,32/60),invasive ventilation(40.0％,24/60) and history of abdominal surgery(21.7％,13/60).Clinical manifestations of IFI included temperature instability,frequent apnea,increased requirement of respiratory support and feeding intolerance.Among all cases,six were diagnosed as central nervous system infection.Of the patients who received cranial MRI,46.8％(22/47) showed multiple abnormal signals in cerebral parenchyma.Fiftytwo patients were cured and seven patients died before discharge,including one death due to fungal infection.Conclusions There is an increasing trend of IFI cases in NICU,especially in premature infants.Non-Candida albicans has become the main pathogenic fungus.There are no specific clinical manifestations in neonatal IFI.Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,parenteral nutrition and central venous catheterization are common risk factors,and preventive measures should be taken in high-risk infants.In addition,IFI in neonates may affect important organs such as central nervous system,thus early treatment is necessary in suspected patients.

The unprecedented globalization of trade,travel,climate change,protectionism,and geopolitical populism,as well as pandemic health threats are no longer issues for a single nation.In the field of public health,China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offers immense opportunities for partnership and collective actions involving multiple countries to combat globalization-linked infectious and/or chronic diseases,emerging pandemics,and outbreaks of potential threats to both laboratory information management systems and health information management.The national and global health challenges have increasingly proved that economic prosperity cannot be achieved when huge knowledge and capacity gaps exist in health systems.There is thus a need for public health initiatives aimed at strengthening the health systems beyond sovereign borders to influence global geo-economics.We highlight situational insights that offer approaches and strategies for increasing public health investment and capacity development in the countries along the Belt and Road,enhancing public and global health cooperation alongside participation in disease control and elimination,promoting public health governance and data sharing for pandemic threats,and building shared values and benefits in public health through Sino-African cooperation and the BRI.Our approach also examines the values of the China's BRI in relation to public health,projections and initiatives for increasing new investment and development capacity in public health systems,and enhanced public and global health cooperation and participation toward the BRI's framework and scope.

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of mild moxibustion on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) visceral hyperalgesiamodel rats and its regulatory effect on P2X3 receptors in the spinal cord, anterior cingutate cortex (ACC) and thalamic ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL). Methods: Thirty 8-day-old newborn rats were randomly divided into a normal group (n=6) and a modeling group (n=24) according to the completely random number table method. Rats in the normal group were bred routinely, and those in the modeling group were subjected to preparing IBS chronic visceral hyperalgesia model using colorectal distention (CRD) in stimulation method. Rats successfully modelled were re-divided into a model group, a mild moxibustion group, a P2X3 receptor antagonist group, and a normal saline group according to the completely random number table method with 6 rats in each group. Rats in each group received corresponding interventions from the 37-day old, once a day for 7 consecutive days. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays were used to detect P2X3 protein expressions in the spinal cord, ACC and VPL of rats. Results: Under different intensities of CRD stimulation, the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores of the model group were significantly increased versus the normal group (all P<0.05); the AWR scores of the mild moxibustion group and the P2X3 receptor antagonist group were significantly reduced versus the model group (all P<0.01). The P2X3 protein expressions in rat spinal cord, ACC and VPL tissues of the model group were significantly increased versus the normal group (all P<0.01); the P2X3 protein expressions in rat spinal cord, ACC and VPL tissues of the mild moxibustion group and the P2X3 receptor antagonist group were significantly reduced versus the model group (all P<0.01). Conclusion: Mild moxibustion can inhibit the P2X3 receptor expressions in the spinal cord, ACC, and VPL tissues of IBS visceral hyperalgesia model rats, which may be the mechanism of mild moxibustion in relieving the central sensitization of rats with IBS visceral hyperalgesia.

Objective To investigate the significance of genomic amplification of the telomerase RNA component (TERC) gene to serve as a genetic biomarker in the screening of cervicallesions.Methods A total of 715 cases were recruited,with liquid-based cytology diagnosis as normal (n=347),atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS,n=180),atypical squamous cells cannot exclude a high-grade lesion (ASC-H,n=13),low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL,n=115),high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions(HSIL,n=59)and atypical glandular cells(AGC,n=1).The remaining cervical cells in the cytological preserving fluid were analyzed using a two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe targeted to chromosome 3q26 containing TERC gene.The TERC gene findings were compared to the cytological and histological detected results,as well as high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detected results.Results Genomic amplification of TERC gene was found in 5.8% of normal specimens,22.2% of ASCUS.30.8% of ASC-H,27.8% of LSIL,86.4% of HSIL and 1/1 of AGC.The positive rate was significantly lower in normal,ASCUS,ASC-H and ISIL.compared with HSIL(all P<0.01).Significantly more cells with genomic amplification of TERC gene were found in cervical intraepithelial lesion(CIN) Ⅱ-Ⅲ than CIN Ⅰ (77.8% vs.9.3%),as well as invasive cervical cancer (96.7% vs.9.3%).both P < 0.01.The rate of TERC gene amplification was higher in HPV positive patients (33.5%) than in HPV negative patients(5.2%,P<0.01).The sensitivity of TERC gene amplification was significantly higher than that of cytological screening (81.88% vs.36.96%,P<0.01) in the differentiation of CIN Ⅱ or higher and CIN Ⅰ or lower diseases,its specificity Was hisher than high-risk HPV test (93.32% vs.33.93%,P<0.01) and positive prediction value (81.29%) was similar with cytological method (86.44%,P>0.05);but its negative prediction value (93.56%) was lower than HPV test (97.06%,P<0.05).Conclusions The positive rates of TERC gene amplification increased as cervical diseases worsened.TERC gene amplification is related to HPV infection.The gain of chromosome 3q26 in cytological specimens is an effective molecular genetic biomarker in screening of CIN Ⅱ or higher and invasive cervical cancer.

Purpose To explore the expression of CBX8 in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue and its clinical significance.Methods 119 cases of primary gastric adenocarcinoma treated by surgery and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected. The protein expression levels of CBX8 in gastric adenocarcinoma and their corresponding adjacent normal tissue was determined using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry PV 6000 method staining. The relationship between CBX8 expression and clinicopathologic characters and survival prognosis was analyzed. Results The positive expression rate of CBX8 in gastric cancer and their corresponding adjacent normal tissue was 46.2％ (55/119) and 13.4％ (16/119) respectively. There was statistically significant difference between two groups (χ2=30.53, P < 0.01). The expression of CBX8 in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue was obviously correlated with the differentiation, clinical staging, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). The high expression rate of CBX8 in the poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma was lower than moderately differentiated and well differentiated group. The high expression rate of CBX8 in stage Ⅰ + Ⅱ gastric adenocarcinoma was higher than that in stage Ⅲ + Ⅳ. The gastric adenocarcinoma patients with high expression of CBX8 had low metastasis rate. Cox multivariate analysis showed CBX8, clinical staging, and lymphatic metastasis were independent predictors of overall survival and disease-free survival (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the patients with higher expression of CBX8 had both longer overall survival time (P = 0.004) and disease-free survival time (P =0.004). Conclusion The expression of CBX8 may be involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of gastric adenocarcinoma. CBX8 is one of the independent predictor of prognosis, and the detecting of CBX8 expression may have important clinical value for the evaluation of gastric adenocarcinoma. CBX8 may became a new target for target therapy of gastric adenocarcinoma.