Erythropoietin (EPO) belongs to cytokines.It mainly promotes erythropoiesis in the peripheral blood circulation.Fundamental research shows that EPO can reduce cerebral ischemic injury through a variety of mechanisms,but at the same time,there are many unsolved problems.In addition,the two clinical trial outcomes are also very inconsistent.This article reviews the problems in EPO research.

A member of miR-16 family, miR-424 has been found to be closely related with tumorigenesis, tumor progrssion, prognosis and therapy.This article reviews the expression changes, roles and possible regulating mechanisms of miR-424 in leukemia and various tumors such as breast, cervical, lung, liver and colorectal cancers.Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of miR-424 is affected by many factors, and miR-424 could be a biomarker of diagnosis, staging and prognosis in cancers,to identify the area of tumor, and be a target of therapy.

MiRs display an important role in a variety of biological, physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, individual development, occurrence and progress of diseases. Recent studies have discovered that miR?424 is the significant regulatory factor of angiogenesis, and is involved in many diseases such as infectious diseases, vascular diseases, central nervous system diseases and genital system disease. This article reviews the expression, effect and possible mechanisms of miR?424 in non?tumorous diseases.

Objective To analyze the differences in the clinical characteristics,endoscopy,pathology and therapy between the patients with new onset ulcerative colitis(UC) in the elderly versus youth and middle-aged patients.Methods A review analysis was carried out in the 178 hospitalized patients with UC in Third Hospital of Peking University from 1994 to 2010.The patients were divided into two groups according to the age of onset:UC onset at age of 60 years and older were enrolled in elderly group; UC onset at age less than sixty years were enrolled in youth and middle-aged group.The data of clinical manifestation,endoscopy,pathology,laboratory test,the severity of disease classification and therapy were analyzed and compared between the two groups.Results The elderly group consisted of 21 men and 6 women.The youth and middle-aged group consisted of 83 men and 68 women.The ratio of male was higher in elderly group than in youth and middle-aged group (77.8％ vs.55.0％,P＜0.05).No significant difference in the clinical type of UC was observed (P＞0.05).The ratio of abdominal pain in elderly group was lower than in youth and middle-aged group (44.4％ vs.78.8％,P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in other symptoms,laboratory test and the severity of disease between the two groups (all P＞0.05).The ratio of Grade Ⅰ and Ⅱwas much higher in the elderly than in youth-middle-aged group(70.4％ vs.39.9％,P＜0.05),but the ratio of Grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ was much lower in the elderly than in youth-middle group(29.6％ vs.60.1％,P＜0.05).No significant differences between the two groups were found in the extent of disease,pathological characteristics and therapy (all P＞0.05).Conclusions Compared with the youth and middle-aged patients with onset UC,the ratio of male patients was higher,the ratio of abdominal pain was lower,and the severity of endoscopic manifestation was less in the elderly patients with onset UC.

BACKGROUND:The faults or defects in pharmaceutical dosage form designed for carbamazepine may lead to irregular drug absorption, great individual differences between the pharmacokinetics, narrow therapeutic concentration range, and the therapeutic drug monitoring for this drug. OBJECTIVE:To prepare a magnetic/pH double sensitive hydrogel beads carrying carbamazepine and to evaluate its properties. METHODS:Using chitosan, alginate and Fe3O4 nanoparticle as carrier materials, the magnetic/pH double sensitive hydrogel beads carrying anti-epileptic carbamazepine were prepared, and the composition and preparation technology were optimized by orthogonal test of L9(34). The surface morphology and structure of the hydrogel beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy respectively. Also, the superparamagnetism, swel ing and release in vitro of hydrogel beads were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The optimized preparation technology were described as:0.5%(w/v) chitosan, 1.5%(w/v) alginate, 2.0%(w/v) calcium chloride, and 1:2 ratio for magnetic versus carrier materials. The hydrogel beads under the optimal preparation conditions showed a round shape and smooth surface, and average encapsulation efficiency, loading efficiency and hydrogel beads diameter were 94.36%, 25.05%and 1-2 mm respectively. The hydrogel beads appeared to have superparamagnetism, the swel ing degrees were associated with pH value of medium, and the sequential release amount of carbamazepine from the hydrogel beads in simulated gastric fluid was 22.77%for 2 hours. Then, the beads were moved to the simulated intestinal fluid, and this value approached 91.63%for 24 hours. Experimental findings indicate that, the composition and preparation technology of magnetic/pH double sensitive hydrogel beads carrying carbamazepine was rational and feasible, and hydrogel beads show obvious pH sensitivity and magnetic sensitivety. The control ed-release effect of hydrogel beads in vitro is also good.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects and clinical classification of occlusal rehabilitation in elderly patients with abnormal occlusion, and to discuss the diagnosis principles and the practical techniques of the dental prosthesis for occlusal rehabilitation. Methods Forty two elderly patients with abnormal occlusion were treated with occlusal rehabilitation with fixed dentures, fixed-removable dentures and removable partial dentures. Eight patients among them simultaneously had temporomandibular joint(TMJ) disorder. After the clinical procedures including examination, diagnosis, prosthesis design, manufacture, application of occlusal rehabilitation and post-treatment evaluation, the using condition of dentures, patients' satisfaction ratings, TMJ functions and abutment teeth healthy status were examined before and after treatment. Results All the patients were satisfied with their dentures' general functions 1 year after treatment. Compared with the removable partial dentures, the other two types of prosthesis showed better clinical outcomes (χ2=4.15,P<0.05) and compacts on phonation of the dentures (χ2=4.71,P<0.05). In the 8 patients with TMJ disorder, 7 cases were cured completely. The treatment effects of TMJ pain (χ2=0.031, P<0.05)and TMJ click (χ2=0.038, P<0.05)had statistical differences. 30 teeth of the 203 abutment teeth (14.8%) had the problems of periodontal diseases and secondary caries and the incidences of these problems were higher in using removable partial dentures treatment than in the other two methods. Conclusions After the systematic diagnosis and the prosthesis design procedures of occlusal rehabilitation, it is important to choose a proper prostheses for the elderly patients according to their physical and psychological features, which may give the patients satisfactory results.

Objective To evaluate the changes of platelet activity before and after anti-platelet treatment in pa?tients with coronary heart disease, and their responsiveness to clopidogrel through detecting the phosphorylation levels of va?sodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Methods Twenty-eight cases of healthy people were selected as control group . Patients with chronic stable angina pectoris (CSA, n=95) were randomly divided into A (48 cases) group and B (47 cases) group,and were given clopidogrel 75 mg/d or 150 mg/d respectively;Patients with non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NST-ACS, n=67) were all given 300 mg loading dose of clopidogrel at the first time, then randomly divid?ed into C (33 cases) group and D (34 cases) group, and given clopidogrel 75 mg/d and 150 mg/d respectively. Blood were tak?en to examine the phosphorylation levels of serum VASP by ELISA before taking clopidogrel, at time point of loading dose and the fifth day of clopidogrel administration . Results Before treatment, phosphorylation levels of serum VASP were low?er in A, B, C, D groups than those in the normal control group(P<0.05). After treatment of clopidogrel for 5 days: ① In group A and group B ,phosphorylation levels of serum VASP did not change compared to that before treatment (P>0.05).②In group C and group D, phosphorylation levels of serum VASP were significantly increased at loading dose and the fifth day of clopidogrel administration than those before treatment (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in phosphory?lation level of VASP was lower group between group C and group D after serum treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusion The phosphorylation level of serum VASP was lower in patients with coronary heart disease than that in normal control group. Clopidogrel can improve the phosphorylation level of serum VASP in NST-ACS patients .

Objective:To optimize the ultrasonic extraction process of Danggui Baogan capsules. Methods:The ultrasonic extrac-tion process of Danggui Baogan capsules was optimized by L9 (34 ) orthogonal test with the contents of ferulic acid and angelica sinensis polysaccharide as the indices and the amount of 30% ethanol, ultrasonic duration and extraction times as the influencing factors. Re-sults:The best ultrasonic extraction conditions were as follows: adding 12-fold amount of 30% ethanol and extracted four times with 1. 5 hours for each time. Conclusion:The ultrasonic extraction process is simple and reproducible, and suitable for the industrial pro-duction.

Objective:To optimize the water extraction process of Lidan Palshi capsules. Methods:The extract yield, emodin con-tent and chrysophanol content were used as the indices, the extraction process of Lidan Palshi capsules was optimized by orthogonal test of L9(34). Results:The optimized water extraction conditions were as follows:adding 14-fold water, and boiling extraction four times with 2 hours for each time. Conclusion:The water extraction process is practicable, reasonable and convenient.

Objective:To study the quality standard of Ganyankang capsules. Methods:Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati,Radix As-tragali,Radix Pseudostellariae,Herba Scutellariae Barbatae,Oldenlandia diffusa willd,Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Radix Bupleuri in the preapartion were indentified by TLC,and emodin was determined by HPLC. Results:Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati,Radix Astra-gali,Radix Pseudostellariae,Herba Scutellariae Barbatae,Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Radix Bupleuri could be obviously identified by TLC. The content of emodin in the capsules was 2. 05 mg·g-1 . The linear relationship was good within the range of 2. 34-74. 88μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 4),and the average recovery was 100. 5% with RSD of 1. 52%(n=9). Conclusion:The quality standard is accurate and reliable,which can be used to control the quality of Ganyankang capsules.