Objectives To summarize screening and therapeutic effects of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in Zhongshan. Methods The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in dried heel blood samples on iflter paper was detected using time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. The cases of positive screening tests were called back for further examination of venous blood TSH concentration using chemiluminescence method. Fifty-four children with permanent CH treated routinely for 2 years (CH group) and 120 age-gender matched health children (control group) were recruited. The physical development (height, body weight) was monitored. The neurodevelopment and temperament type were tested using Pediatric Nneuropsychological Development Assessment and Children's Temperament Scale respectively at 6 and 24 months after birth. Results Two hundred eight-five thousand two hundred forty-two neonates were screened. One hundred and forty cases were confirmed and the incidence rate was 1/2037. There was no statistical difference in length-for-age z score (LAZ) and weight-for-age z score (WAZ) between CH and control group (P>0.05). The neurodevelopment in CH group was normal, but gross motor development was worse than that in control group (P<0.05). The temperament type and distribution had statistical difference between CH and control group (P<0.05). The percentage of the dififcult type and central dififcult type was increased in CH group as compared to control group, especially in the activity, adaptability, reaction intensity and perseverance (P<0.05). Conclusions The physical and neurodevelopment are nearly normal in patients with CH after early supplementation, but the psychological behavior problems need to be focused on in the process of intervention.