Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in males. Endocrine therapy is currently the main treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer. Although this therapy frequently results in tumor shrinkage, it is not curative, and the majority of patients eventually develop hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Recent studies suggested that prostate cancer stem cells serve a key function in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of prostate cancer. Therefore, targeted therapy of prostate cancer stem cells may be effective for the treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer stem cell markers must be identified to facilitate studies on prostate cancer radical treatment schemes, especially the specific markers of this disease. Previous research on prostate cancer stem cell markers mainly focus on CD44 and CD133. Along with in-depth studies, a substantial number of new markers have been found with research development. This review summarizes the widely studied and recently discovered markers found in the field of prostate cancer stem cells.

Objective To summarize the keypoints of clinical diagnosis of chondroblastoma and the experience on the treatment Methods The clinical materials of 16 cases(11 males,aged from 12 to 26 years)from June 1992 to February 2003 of pathologically diagnosed chondroblastoma were analyzed retrospectively. The tumor located at distal femur in 6 cases,great trochanter in 1 case,proximal tibia in 6 cases,proximal humerus in 2 cases, talus in 1 case. The main symptoms were swelling and painful joint. All the 16 cases were treated with curettage and autologous bone graft from iliac crest. Results Twelve cases were followed up for 6 months to 5 years .averaging 3. S years. All the bone graft healed well. One case., recurred 2 years after the initial curettage and was treated with curettage again. No recurrence occurred at the last follow-up 6 months after the second curettage. The function of the involved joints was nearly normal in all cases except for one case with slight limitation of knee flexion. Conclusions Mastering the image and clinical characteristics of chondroblastoma can avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment Curettage can control the tumor satisfactorily. Postoperative rehabilitation can improve the function of the involved limb.

Objective To investigate the level of compassion fatigue and its influencing factors among ICU nurses.Methods A total of 1 530 ICU nurses in 2 third-grade hospitals in Wuwei city were investigated by using convenience sampling method,general questionnaire and Paramedics Compassion Fatigue Scale Questionnaire.Results The average original score of 7 items of compassion satisfaction was (2.73±0.39),and the item of emotional indifference got the highest score (3.31±0.26),the item of physical and mental exhaustion got the lowest score (2.13±0.22).It could be show that the age,intrinsic satisfaction,extrinsic satisfaction were the main influencing factors of compassion fatigue after multiple regression analysis.Conclusions To give regular psychological intervention and sharing the experience of nurses in different departments were an effective way to relieve nurses compassion fatigue and to reduce the nurses' psychological pressure.

AIM: To establish a HPLC for determination of puerarin and baicalin in Gegen Qinlian Micropill. METHODS: A Kromasil C 18 Column was used. The mobile phase was methanol-0.2% phosphoric acid. Puerarin and baicalin were determined by dual wavelength, ? 1=250nm. ? 2=315nm. RESULTS: The linear range of puerarin was within 32.0 ng—288.0 ng,r=0.9998 and the sample recovery was 100.17 % (RSD=1.00%(n=9)). The linear range of baicalin was within 52.6 ng～447.1 ng, r=0.9999 and the sample recovery was 100.06 % (RSD=1.06% (n=9)). CONCLUSION: This method has good repeatability and flexibility. It can be used for quality control of Gegen Qinlian Micropill.

Objective To compare the growth property of the stem cells taken from different brain regions at the same developmental stage. Methods Mice embryos at the same development stage were isolated under sterile conditions, cortex, striatum, diencephalon, mid-hind brain and spinal cord were collected and pooled separately, after single-cell suspension obtained, different regions' cell suspensions were seeded in FGF supplemented serum-free culture medium. Followed the neural stem cell clone(neurospheres) fromation, immuno-cytochemistry method was utilized to identify the cell characteristics, all these clones were passaged under same conditions, clone formation and cell migration were observed under phase-contrast microscope. Results In the FGF added serum-free medium, neural cells experienced a large scale death within 48h after being seeded, then few single cells began to proliferate and formed the floating cell clones in the medium. These clones (neurospheres) could form new clones when seeded as single cell suspension. If these clones were seeded on poly-orithine, they could differentiate into neurons and glia cells. Compare the clone formation and cell migration, we found that: cortex, striatum, diencephalon all could form floating clones with different rate, the cortex formed clones at the highest rate, striatum and diencephalon at lower rate; few neurospheres formed from cortex adhered to the culture plate substrate and few cells were found migrating out from the adhered clones, striatum and diencephalon derived neurospheres adhered the plate more easily, and there were apparent cell migration. Mid-hind brain and spinal cord formed clones at the lowest rate, floating clones were scarce, and the clones adhered to the substrate readily, there were large amount of cell migrating out from these adhered clones. Conclusion Neural stem cells could proliferate and be passaged in vitro in serum-free medium, and they could be induced to differentiate under certain conditions into major cells types of CNS, there were differences in clone forming rate and cell migration between neural stem cells derived from different CNC regions, nonetheless they were at the same development stage, this may reflect that, in some degree, these cells can keep some of their region-specified developmental intrinsic property in vitro.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) can be applied to study the resting-state network, and it is easier than task-related fMRI. Imaging principle, research methods of rs-fMRI, as well as its application in cognitive impairment were reviewed in this article.

Objective To study the influence of probiotic bacteria on rats blood lipids and immune function.Methods Rats fed with high fat diet,as a positive control of lovastatin in different kinds of experimental rats fed with probiotic bacteria.Before the experiment and 30 days after the experiment,the serum TC,TG and immune indicators were examined,compared with the control group.Results Probiotic bacteria feeding rats compared with control group rats,TC and TG in probiotic bacteria feeding rats blood are obviously lower than the eontroled group,(P＜0.01),the immune index is obviously higher than the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Probiotic bacteria obviously reduces TG and TG in Probiotic feeding rats blood,and improves the immunological function of probiotic bacteria feeding rats.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of high developmental dislocation of the hip in patients with total hip replacement operation to take biology.Methods Thirty-six cases of high developmental dislocation of the hip by patients as the object of study from January 2011 to February 2014 in the First People' s Hospital of Shangqiu, all patients underwent cementless total hip joint replacement operation, 6 months to 2 years after surgery, observed the clinical effect of all patients before and after treatemnt.Results The operation time was 1.20-3.0 h,the average operation time was (2.13±1.01) h,amount of bleeding during the operation of 300.00-700.00 ml,the average amount of bleeding was (342.43±34.23) ml;follow up of 6 months to 2 years, all patients had no prosthesis loosening and dislocation of the hip;all patients after treatment, Harris score (81.56± 14.34) points, better than that before treatment, the difference was statistically significant ((54.34 ± ±9.78) points,P=0.009);The excellent and good rate of all the patients after the treatment (97.22％) .Conclusion The clinical effect of high developmental dislocation of the hip by total hip replacement operation in patients taking biological type significantly, has the advantages of simple operation, effectively relieve pain, improve the life quality of patients and other advantages, the ideal treatment method can be used as high developmental dislocation of hip.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of old thoracolumbar vertebral fracturekyphosis with spinal stenosis by pedicle of vertebral archosteotomy and internal fixation.Methods Twenty patients with old thoracolumbar fracture with kyphosis,and associated with spinal stenosis,were treated by using transpedicular osteotomy and internal fixation treatment in the First People's Hospital of Shangqiu from June 2012 to May 2014.Radiographical assessments including localized kyphosis,thoracic kyphosis,lumber lordosis,sacral tilt angle,sagittal vertical axis,bony fusion and the relative height of the ifiterbody fusion vertebra.Visual analogue scale(VAS),and ASIA were evaluated before and after surgery,and the operative duration,blood loss were recorded.Results The operation carried out in 120-200 min,800-1600 ml of bleeding statistics through operation process.Localized kyphosis was reduced from an average of (42.6±4.2) ° to (8.2± 1.6) °,the difference was statistically significant (P =0.012).All patients were followed up for 10.0 -26.0 months,average (18.0±6.2) months.The average VAS score was 6.88±0.82 before operation and 2.10 ±0.84 at final follow-up,the difference was statistically significant(P=0.023).The bone healed well,no false joints.Neurological function improved from C to D in 2 patients,from C to E in 4 patients,and from D to E in 14 patients.Conclusion Old thoracolumbar vertebral fracture kyphosis with spinal stenosis by transpedicularosteotomy and internal fixation in the treatment of simple operation,definite effect,less complications and can effectively improve the prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the dose of vancomycin for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) infection after neurosurgery. Methods The information of hospitalized patients treated by vancomycin after neurosurgery from January 2011 to December 2015 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University was collected retrospectively. The patients with CNS infection were retrieved, the relevant data were extracted and systemized. A daily dose of 2 g or 30-60 mg/kg of vancomycin was thought as the standard, and the difference between the actual dose and the guidelines was analyzed. Results There were 5 816 patients used vancomycin for a total of 46 787 days. The number of patients with CNS infection after neurosurgery was 1 198 (20.6%), the total treatment course was 14 083 days (30.1%), the median treatment days was 9, the median daily dose was 26.0 mg/kg; and the percentage of male patient was 50.8%, the median age was 42.0 years, and the median body weight was 68.0 kg. The most commonly used dose and frequency of vancomycin was 1.0 g every 12 hours with 6 957 days (49.4%) and 60.3% daily dose of vancomycin reached the standard. 355 patients were treated to the target and 843 patients were treated empirically, the age of targeted treatment group was older than empirical treatment group [years: 44.0 (32.5, 54.0) vs. 41.0 (31.0, 52.0), P < 0.05]. The mean duration of targeted treatment group was obviously longer than empirical treatment group [days: 11 (6, 17) vs. 9 (6, 12), P < 0.01], but there was no difference in the total daily dose between the two groups [mg/kg: 25.4 (20.0, 30.3) vs. 26.1 (20.9, 31.0), g: 1.80 (1.50, 2.00) vs. 1.85 (1.50, 2.00), both P > 0.05], and daily dose of both groups did not reached the standard goal. 16.3% patients (195/1 198) received multi-courses therapy and there was no difference among the first course of dose. The clinical mortality of all patients was 1.5% (18/1 198). The targeted treatment and multi-courses had a higher proportion in the death group, and the treatment durations were longer than the non-death group [the targeted treatment proportion: 72.2% (13/18) vs. 29.0% (342/1 180), the multi-courses proportion: 83.3% (15/18) vs. 15.3% (180/1 180), the total treatment duration: 29.0 (17.8, 45.0) vs. 9.0 (6.0, 14.0), the days of the first course: 11.5 (7.5, 21.5) vs. 8.0 (6.0, 12.0), all P < 0.05]. Conclusions The dose of vancomycin to treat postoperative CNS infection was inappropriate in a majority of patients. Clinician's education regarding appropriate vancomycin dosing is recommended to achieve compliance with the guidelines.