Objective To investigate the risk factors in association with congenital syphilis, in order to provide a basis for further improvement of the ongoing Prevention of Mother to Child Syphilis Transmis- sion Project in Shenzhen. Methods A nested case-control study was designed in neonates with risk of con- genital syphilis. The case group included 51 neonates with congenital syphilis, and the control group included 320 neonates without the disease. Results The risk factors in association with congenital syphilis were mother's age, residence, education level, weeks of gestation at time of starting standardized treatment,moth- er's TRUST titer at time of diagnosis; and also father's education level, occupation and history of multiple sex partners, as showed with univariate logistic regression analysis. After adjusted with multivariate uncondi- tional logistic regression analysis, 4 independent risk factors were found, namely, mother's age, father's edu- cation level, weeks of gestation at time of starting standardized treatment, and mother's TRUST titer at time of diagnosis. Conclusions Risk factors in association with congenital syphilis are identified, which provide important clues for effective prevention of congenital syphilis.

Objective To analyze the status quo of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of the elderly in recent years in Shenzhen, to explore the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution,and to establish prediction model of STDs of the elderly in Shenzhen. MethodsUsing the surveillance system data of STDs from 2005 to 2009 in Shenzhen city, the incidence, temporal and spatial distribution of syphilis and gonorrhea were analyzed in the elderly aged 50 years and over by SaTScan. The incidence prediction model of STDs was established by Eviews 5.0.Results (1)The incidences of the two kinds of STDs from 2005 to 2009 in Shenzhen were on the rise and on more marked increase in male than in female. The rising velocity in over-60 year age group was similar with in 50-59 year age group. The rising velocity of syphilis was faster than gonorrhea. (2)The space-time distribution analysis showed there were clusters of the STDs in elderly men in 2005 in Lianhua and Meilin districts (P = 0. 026, RR= 2.13). (3) ARIMA (0, 1,1) (0,0, 1) 12 model was a suitable forecasting model for STDs in elderly men in Shenzhen. Conclusions

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution and factors associated with HIV and syphilis infection among Men who have sex with men blood donors (MSMBD) in Shenzhen.

METHODSA total of 813 MSMBD were recruited using snowball sampling and respondent driven sampling from 2009 to 2012 in Shenzhen. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis. Data were collected including socio-demographic information, HIV testing history, self-identified sexual orientation, role in homosexual behavior, information about having sex with male sexual partners in the past six months and information about having sex with female sexual partners in the past six months.5 ml blood samples were taken and tested for treponema pallidum and HIV antibodies. Comparisons of syphilis and HIV infection among different years were analyzed by the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Factors associated with syphilis and HIV infection were analyzed by the univariate logistic regression and multivariate unconditional logistic regression.

RESULTSThe prevalence of syphilis, HIV, and syphilis-HIV co-infection among 813 participants were 22.0% (179/813), 8.0% (65/813), and 4.2% (34/813), respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, ever tested for HIV (versus without HIV testing history, OR (95%CI) = 0.369(0.213-0.641)) will decrease the risk of HIV infection among MSMBD in comparison with never tested for HIV (OR (95%CI) = 0.37 (0.21-0.64) ); having five or more anal sexual partners in the past six months and co-infected with syphilis will increase the risk of HIV infection among MSMBD in comparison with having 0-1 sexual partners (OR (95%CI) = 2.04 (1.03-4.06) ) and negative syphilis (OR (95%CI) = 4.52(2.64-7.73)), respectively, bisexual orientation, having 2-4 anal sexual partners and having five or more anal sexual partners in the past six months, using condoms not for every act of anal sex, co-infected with HIV will increase the risk of syphilis infection among MSMBD in comparison with homosexual orientation (OR (95%CI) = 1.60(1.12-2.27)), having 0-1 sexual partner in the past six months (OR (95%CI) = 1.77 (1.09-2.87) and OR (95%CI) = 1.84(1.09-3.08) ) , using condoms for every act of anal sex (OR (95%CI) = 1.61 (1.10-2.36) ) and negative HIV (OR (95%CI) = 4.02 (2.33-6.96)), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of HIV and syphilis among MSMBD in Shenzhen are much higher with complex influence factors. The relevant government should pay great attention to it and ensure the blood safety.

Adult ; Blood Donors ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections ; blood ; epidemiology ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Syphilis ; blood ; epidemiology

Objective: To investigate the factors associated with syphilis/HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) maintaining a single sexual partner in Shenzhen. Methods: Respondent driven sampling and snowball sampling method were used to recruit MSM receiving voluntary counseling and testing in Shenzhen Rainbow clinic from 2011 to 2016. Inclusion criteria: aged 18 years and above; reported having one or more anal sexual partners in the recent 6 months. A total of 3 109 men who have sex with men (MSM) were involved in the study. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis. Data were collected including socio-demographic information, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing history, history of blood donation and drug abuse in the recent two years, self-identified sexual orientation, role in homosexual behavior, ever being money boys (MB) and clients of MB, female sexual partners in the recent 6 months. 5 ml blood samples were taken after questionnaires. Syphilis was screened using toluidine red unheated serum test for the antibody of treponema pallidum and then confirmed by treponema pallidum particle assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for screening HIV and western blot was used to confirm the HIV screening results. The difference of condom use among MSM between female sexual partners and male sexual partners were compared. Multivariate unconditional stepwise logistic regression model was used to analyze factors associated with syphilis infection and HIV positive among MSM. Results: A total of 3 109 eligible participants with mean (SD) age of 31.49 (8.64) years were enrolled in this study. Among them, 565 cases were infected with syphilis (18.17%), 330 cases were infected with HIV (10.61%), and 165 cases (5.31%) were syphilis co-infected with HIV. 791 (25.44%) reported maintaining a single sexual partners in the recent 6 months. Compared to MSM with multiple sexual partners, the prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection among MSM with a single sexual partner were lower, and the OR (95%CI) were 0.64 (0.51-0.81) and 0.66 (0.49-0.90), respectively. Conclusion The proportion of fixed single sexual partner was much lower among MSM in Shenzhen. Maintaining a single sexual partners can reduce the risk of syphilis/HIV infection among MSM.

Objective to explore the risk assessment potential of oxLDL in patients with T2DM combined with PTB.Methods A prospective study was conducted,which included 60 cases of simple hyperlipidemia,100 cases of PTB,100 cases of T2DM,and 100 cases of T2DM combined with PTB.These patients visited the outpatient department of our center from June 2022 to June 2023.The PTB group,T2DM group,and T2DM combined with PTB group were further divided into subgroups based on normal blood lipids(40 cases)and hyperlipidemia(60 cases),totaling 360 cases in the case group.Additionally,a control group consisting of 60 healthy individuals was included.The age range for inclusion in the study was between 35 to70 years old.Venous blood samples were collected from each group to detect HbA1c,INS,FSG,CHOL,TG,HDL,LDL,ApoA I and Apo B.OxLDL levels were measured using the ELISA method.Differences in levels between groups were compared.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the association between oxLDL levels and PTB as well as T2DM combined with PTB.Results There were no statistically significant differences in BMI,blood sugar,blood lipids,and insulin resis-tance between the T2DM hyperlipidemia subgroup and the T2DM combined with PTB hyperlipidemia subgroup.The oxLDL level in the T2DM hypertipidemia subgroup was more than double that of the control group,while the oxLDL level in the subgroup with normal blood lipids was significantly higher than that of the control group.Moreover,both the T2DM combined with PTB hyperlipidemia subgroup and simple hyperlipidemia group exhibited significantly elevated levels of oxLDL compared to the control group;however,there were no statistically significant differences when compared to the PTB hyperlipidemia subgroup.Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive linear corre-lation between TG and LDL with oxLDL in both the T2DM hyperlipidemia subgroup and the T2DM combined with PTB hyperlipidemia subgroup(R=0.352,P<0.05).Additionally,CHOL and LDL levels in the PTB hyperlipid-emia subgroup also showed a significant positive correlation with oxLDL(R=0.441,P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that having oxLDL levels more than double that of the control group was an independent risk factor for both PTB and T2DM combined with PTB(P<0.05).Conclusion The significantly elevated levels of oxLDL may serve as a potential risk factor for the comorbidity of T2DM and PTB.It is recommended to consider oxLDL levels exceeding twice those of the control group as a clinically meaningful pathological threshold for further assessment.

Objective To investigate the status and factors associated with commercial sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shenzhen.Methods A convenience sampling method was used to recruit MSM in Shenzhen from 2011 to 2015.Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis.Data were collected,including socio-demographic information,HIV testing history,history of blood donation and drug abuse in the last 2 years,self-reported sexual orientation,role in homosexual behavior,and experience serving as a male sex worker and/or as a client of male sex workers.Blood samples (5 ml) were taken and tested for treponema pallidum and HIV antibodies.The rate of MSM serving as male sex workers among different age groups was analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.Factors associated with commercial sexual behavior were analyzed by univariate logistic regression and multivariate unconditional logistic regression.Results Among the 3 040 MSM recruited,341 (11.2％)reported having served as male sex worker.The prevalence rates of syphilis,HIV,and syphilis-HIV co-infection among all recruited MSM were 18.3％ (556/3 040),9.8％ (297/3 040),and 5.1％ (154/3 040),respectively.The prevalence rates of syphilis,HIV,and syphilis-HIV co-infection among those who served as male sex worker were 27.0％ (92/341),16.4％ (56/341),and 8.8％ (30/341),respectively,and the prevalence rates among MSM with no experience as male sex worker were 17.2％ (464/2 699),8.9％ (241/2 699),and 4.6％ (124/2 699),respectively.Compared with non-male sex worker MSM,male sex worker had a significantly higher prevalence rates of syphilis,HIV,and syphilis-HIV co-infection (with x2 values of 19.41,19.28,and 11.12,and P-values of ＜0.001,＜0.001,0.001,respectively).The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that＞30-year-old MSM or education level of college or above,reside in Shenzhen for 0.5-3.0 years or the living years above 3.0 years are less likely to serve as male sex worker compared with＜30-year-old MSM,education level of high school or below,who reside in Shenzhen for less than 0.5 years;the OR (95％CI) values were 0.55 (0.42-0.71),0.10 (0.06-0.14),0.46 (0.31-0.68),and 0.23 (0.16-0.33),respectively.MSM having a monthly income of ＞5 000 yuan,drug abuse history,experience as male sex worker clients,and self-reported insertive and receptive anal sex behaviors were more likely to have experience serving as male sex worker compared with those having a monthly income of ＜3 000 yuan (OR=2.57,95％CI:1.85-3.57),no drug abuse history (OR=3.23,95％ CI:2.14-4.87),no experience as male sex worker clients (OR =1.50,95％ CI:1.04-2.15) and who engage in predominantly insertive anal sex behaviors (OR=1.77,95％ CI:1.34-2.35).Conclusion Age,education level,duration of residence in Shenzhen,monthly income,history of drug abuse,role in homosexual activity,and had experience commercial sex activity were associated with serving as a male sex worker among MSM.These factors need to be considered when designing syphilis/HIV prevention programs for MSM.

Objective:To understand the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection and related factors in outpatients of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in Shenzhen and provide scientific evidence for targeted intervention. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in STD outpatients who were aged 18-49 years, had had sexual intercourse, had not received antibiotics in the last 2 weeks and sought medical cares in 22 medical institutions in 6 districts of Shenzhen from 15 April, 2018 to 16 May, 2018, their basic information and urine samples were collected, and NG in urine sample was detected by nucleic acid amplification test. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the related factors for NG infection.Results:The information collection and sample collection were completed for 8 324 STD outpatients, among these STD outpatients, 196 were NG positive, with a positive rate of 2.4% (196/8 324). The positive rate of NG in men (5.8%, 148/2 567) was higher than that in women (0.8%, 47/5 742) ( χ2=189.43, P<0.05). Aged 24 years or below ( OR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.44-3.09), single/divorced/widowed ( OR=1.98, 95% CI:1.38-2.84), having casual sex in the last 3 months ( OR=1.77, 95% CI:1.29-2.43) were the related factors for NG infection. Conclusions:We found that NG infection rate was high in STD outpatients in Shenzhen. The infection rates in men and in women differed obviously. It is necessary to conduct gonorrhea screening and intervention in STD outpatients with high-risk behaviors, such as extramarital and casual sex behaviors, and standardize the treatment to reduce the incidence and spread of gonorrhea and other STDs.

Objective To investigate the status and factors associated with commercial sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shenzhen.Methods A convenience sampling method was used to recruit MSM in Shenzhen from 2011 to 2015.Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis.Data were collected,including socio-demographic information,HIV testing history,history of blood donation and drug abuse in the last 2 years,self-reported sexual orientation,role in homosexual behavior,and experience serving as a male sex worker and/or as a client of male sex workers.Blood samples (5 ml) were taken and tested for treponema pallidum and HIV antibodies.The rate of MSM serving as male sex workers among different age groups was analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.Factors associated with commercial sexual behavior were analyzed by univariate logistic regression and multivariate unconditional logistic regression.Results Among the 3 040 MSM recruited,341 (11.2％)reported having served as male sex worker.The prevalence rates of syphilis,HIV,and syphilis-HIV co-infection among all recruited MSM were 18.3％ (556/3 040),9.8％ (297/3 040),and 5.1％ (154/3 040),respectively.The prevalence rates of syphilis,HIV,and syphilis-HIV co-infection among those who served as male sex worker were 27.0％ (92/341),16.4％ (56/341),and 8.8％ (30/341),respectively,and the prevalence rates among MSM with no experience as male sex worker were 17.2％ (464/2 699),8.9％ (241/2 699),and 4.6％ (124/2 699),respectively.Compared with non-male sex worker MSM,male sex worker had a significantly higher prevalence rates of syphilis,HIV,and syphilis-HIV co-infection (with x2 values of 19.41,19.28,and 11.12,and P-values of ＜0.001,＜0.001,0.001,respectively).The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that＞30-year-old MSM or education level of college or above,reside in Shenzhen for 0.5-3.0 years or the living years above 3.0 years are less likely to serve as male sex worker compared with＜30-year-old MSM,education level of high school or below,who reside in Shenzhen for less than 0.5 years;the OR (95％CI) values were 0.55 (0.42-0.71),0.10 (0.06-0.14),0.46 (0.31-0.68),and 0.23 (0.16-0.33),respectively.MSM having a monthly income of ＞5 000 yuan,drug abuse history,experience as male sex worker clients,and self-reported insertive and receptive anal sex behaviors were more likely to have experience serving as male sex worker compared with those having a monthly income of ＜3 000 yuan (OR=2.57,95％CI:1.85-3.57),no drug abuse history (OR=3.23,95％ CI:2.14-4.87),no experience as male sex worker clients (OR =1.50,95％ CI:1.04-2.15) and who engage in predominantly insertive anal sex behaviors (OR=1.77,95％ CI:1.34-2.35).Conclusion Age,education level,duration of residence in Shenzhen,monthly income,history of drug abuse,role in homosexual activity,and had experience commercial sex activity were associated with serving as a male sex worker among MSM.These factors need to be considered when designing syphilis/HIV prevention programs for MSM.

Laboratory testing is a vital chain in the prevention and control of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection. The prevalence of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection is high, but the detection rate of the infection is low in men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Self-sampling for genital chlamydia trachomatis detection by MSM is a new option to address this problem, which would play a significant role in expanding genital chlamydia trachomatis infection screening in this population. This paper summarizes the progress in research of self-sampling for the detection of genital chlamydia trachomatis and the related factors in MSM both at home and abroad to provide reference for the promotion of self-sampling for the detection of genital chlamydia trachomatis in this population.