Objective　To study the relationship between smoking and oxygen free radicals (OFR) , activities of antioxidases.Methods Concentration of serum lipoperoxides(LPO) and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) ,glutathioneperoxides(GSH-PX) in 216 healthy smoker and 155 healthy non-smoker were performed.Results The smoker group: the averageLPO concentration was 5.87±1.23, the average SOD activity was 88.24±11.96, the average GSH-PX activity was 176.87±23.31;the non-smoker group:The average LPO concentration was 4.24±0.76, the average SOD activity was 106.18±16.04, the average GSH-PX activity was 206.32±50.25.The average LPO concentration of the smoker group was significantly higher than that in the non-smoker group (P<0.01) ; the average SOD GSH-PX activity of the smoker group were significantly lower than those of the non-smoker group (P<0.01) .The LPO concentration in 50 male smokers(39～45years of age)increased, while SOD and GSH-PX activity decreased as the duration and amount of smoking increased (P<0.01) , showing a linear correlationship.Conclusion The results suggest that smoking is one of the important factors causing, not only OFR and reaction of LPO obviously intensified,but also the imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation in the body.

Objective To set up CEAP system for the diagnosis of portal hypertention.Methods Based on CEAP system from American Venous Forum,the clinical and pathologic classification of Budd-Chiari syndrome from Xu,the clinical and pathologic data of 251 cases of portal hypertension were analyzed retrospectively.Results According to the results of imaging examination [(Doppler ultrasound,percutaneous splenoportography,selective angiography of mesenteric artery,multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) three dimensional(3D) reconstruction],clinical and pathological data,CEAP system for the diagnosis of portal hypertention was defined as follows: Clinical manifestation(C) including mild and severe types;Etiology(E)(congenital,primary,secondary);Anatomy(A) consists of liver,inferior vena cava,hepatic veins,and portal vein system;Pathophysiology(P) could have liver fibrosis/cirrhosis,obstruction,thrombosis,intrahepatic collateral circulation and tumors.Conclusions CEAP system for correct diagnosis,classification as well as the individual treatment is of great practical importance,and could be wide application.

Hepatic nodules in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (B-CS) are identified in clinical work and the differentiating diagnosis is very important for making the treatment strategy.Most B-CS patients with hepatic nodules have nonspecific clinical manifestations.Ultrasonography,computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are often used for differentiating diagnosis.According to the results of retrospective study on clinical and imaging data of 51 B-CS patients with hepatic nodules,we draw a conclusion that the differentiating diagnosis of hepatic nodules in patients with B-CS depends on imaging characteristics.Different treatment strategies are adopted according to the comprehensive analysis of these imaging data and satisfactory results can be achieved.

Background Researches determined that the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in Caucasian population.However,the relationship between RVO and POAG in Asian population is unclear.Objective This study was to survey the percentage of POAG in RVO patients in China.Methods A prospective cross-sectional observational study based on hospital was performed.Three hundred and seventy five patients with newly diagnosed RVO by fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) were consecutively enrolled in Peking University Third Hospital from October 2011 to May 2013,and gonioscopy was carried out in all the patients.Glaucoma was diagnosed according to the criteria of the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO).RVO was classified into central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO),hemicentral retinal vein occlusion (HRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) based on fundus photograph and FFA,or classified into arteriovenous crossing RVO (AV-RVO),optic cup RVO (OC-RVO),optic nerve RVO without optical nerve head swelling (NONHS-RVO) and RVO with optical nerve head swelling (ONHS-RVO) based on the sites of venous occlusion.The percentages of POAG in different types of RVO were calculated.This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Peking University Third Hospital,and written informed consent was obtained from each patient before entering study cohort.Results Three hundred and seventeen RVO patients finished screening of glaucoma,with the response rate 84.5％.The percentage of POAG is 8.2％ in RVO patients,including 7.1％ in the CRVO patients,23.5％ in HRVO patients and 6.2％ in BRVO patients.The percentage of POAG was significantly higher in OC-RVO patients (27.9％) and NONHS-RVO patients (13.2％) than that in AV-RVO patients (4.7％) and ONHS-RVO patients (1.3％) (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions The overall percentage of POAG in RVO patients in China is 3-4 times higher than general population.Higher percentage of POAG is found in OC-RVO patients and NONHS-RVO patients,suggesting that pathogenesis of RVO is probably associated with the glaucomatous anatomic changes of optical nerve head.

Objective To investigate the indication,feasibility and clinical effectiveness of stage management of Budd-Chiari syndrome(B-CS). Methods From Feb 2007 to June 2009,32 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome(9 cases of type Ⅰ,17 cases of type Ⅲa,6 cases of type Ⅲ b)were admitted.Inferior vena cava hypertension(IVCHT)and portal hypertension(PHT)co-existed in all the patients.According to the clinicopathologic classification and hemodynamic compensation,these patients underwent single stage treatment(snrglcal procedure or radioactive intervention)or two-stage management(one.stagesurgical procedure/radioactive intervention plus two-stage surgical procedure/radioactive intervemion).Results Recovery was achieved in all patients without mortality.The main complications were Dleural effusion in 3 cases,acute heart failure in 2 cases and celiac lymphatic leakage in 1 case respectively.which were cured after medical treatment.In 4 months to 2 years follow-up,no recurrent cases were identified and all the patients were in good condition. Condusions Stage management of Budd.Chiari svndrome canalleviate the perioperative risk and clinical effectiveness can be achieved.The hemodynamic compensation is the basis on which stage management is adopted.

Objective To supply the fastest and most effective first aid for patients with the least medical workers and within the shortest time after the occurrence of emergent public health accidents by application of emergency management. Methods We carried out retrospective invetigations about 55 great medical succors from the year of 2004 to 2006.Results Application of emergency nursing management played a pivotal role in these 55 great medical succors. The medical workers handled all the emergencies without confusion and a large number of patients got first aid in time. Conclusion It could facilitated the first aid for emergent public health accidents by application of emergency nursing management.

OBJECTIVE: Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) is a special kind of cell population with totipotency and uninhibited self-renewal property. Researches on induced differentiation of ES cells were received and summed up to provide reasonable and constructive suggestions for clinical application of ES cells.DATA SOURCE: Papers published in Highwire press and Medline database were retrieved with keywords "Embryonic stem cell, differentiation, and induce" from 2000 to 2004. Additionally, papers published in Wanfang database were also retrieved with keywords "Embryonic stem cell" in Chinese from 2000 to 2004.STUDY SELECTION: Data were analyzed firstly in order to select papers related to induced differentiation. The inclusion criteria were selection of the original works, but the summaries and Meta analysis were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 369 papers were chosen according to correlation with keywords; among them, 364 papers were in foreign language. After reading through summaries of these papers, 15 papers thoroughly discussing induced differentiation of ES cells were chosen for further intensive reading. Papers discussed various kinds of differential models, neural cells, cardiac muscle cells, epithelial cells and hematopoietic cells.DATA SYNTHESIS: The induced differential models of neural cells, cardiac muscle cells, epithelial cells and hematopoietic cells from ES cells were introduced comprehensively in the seven literatures. Based on these references mentioned above and other references which introduced cell model separately, all data were generally studied, sorted out and summed up.CONCLUSION: ES cells can be induced to be various kinds of cell models such as neural cells, epithelial cells, cardiac muscle cells and hematopoietic cells, which may be used to clarify the mechanism of cellular development and differentiation to provide good respects for clinical cellular therapy and screening of medicines.

Objective To summmrize the clinical characteristics complications,antimicrobial resistance and prognosis in 15 children with streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Methods A systematic retrospective analysis was carried out in the Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University from Jan.2010 to Jan.2013,and clinical data from 15 children with streptococcus pneumococcal meningitis were retrospectively analyzed and followed up for 6 months in order to observe the prognosis.Results Eleven cases of streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis occuned in the winter and spring.And it often occuned in children less than 2 years of age who lived in rural areas (13 cases).The clinical manifestations showed diverse characteristics,severe symptoms,obvious changes in symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid were observed.Severe or death cases had low temperature,low leukopenia or low blood platelet.Common complications of streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis included anemia (10 cases),hypoalbuminemia (9 cases),sepsis (8 cases).Multi-drug resistance and complications in streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis led to the therapeutic difficulties.In this study,3 cases were cured,9 cases had varying degrees of sequences,such as left languages,sports,hydrocephalus and cognitive dysfunction,and 3 cases died,and the main cause of death was multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Conclusions Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis mainly occurred in the winter and spring.And the children under 2 years of age who lives in rural areas were often attacked.Clinical characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid changes obviously; severe cases are common with low temperature,low leukopenia or blood platelet.And there aye often diverse complications and multi-sequelae; the problem of multi-drug resistant and complications can lead to great difficulties in the clinical treatment.

AIM:To detect the changes of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) expression in the brain following ischemia-reperfusion of hind limbs in the rats and to elucidate their significance .METHODS:Hind limb ischemia was in-duced by clamping infrarenal aorta with a microvascular clip and brain injury was made by following reperfusion .The brain tissue was obtained from the animals subjected to sham operation , 4 h of ischemia without reperfusion and 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h of reperfusion following 4 h of ischemia .The expression of CBS at mRNA and protein levels was measured at different time points by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and Western blotting .The CBS activity and hy-drogen sulfide ( H2 S) concentration in the brain were determined by a universal microplate reader .The observation of path-ologic changes of the brain was made following the inhibition of CBS by hydroxylamine .RESULTS:The relative expression of CBS at mRNA and protein levels in IR group significantly increased compared with sham group .It reached a peak at 12 h (P<0.01), and returned to baseline at 24 h (P>0.05).This time course correlated with increased CBS activity and H2 S concentration .No statistically significant difference in the above indexes between sham operation group and ischemia group was observed (P>0.05).Inhibition of CBS activity induced more severe brain injury in IR group .CONCLUSION:Up-regulation of CBS/H2 S pathway is involved in the protection for neurons during the ischemia-reperfusion of hind limbs .

The pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of the novel paclitaxel microemulsion based on the L-OH lipid complex made in our laboratory were studied in this article with the commercial paclitaxel injection in cremophor as reference preparation by injected intravenously with single dose of 5 mg x kg(-1) in rats. LC-MS/MS method was used to determine the drug concentration in plasma and calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. [3H]-paclitaxel was used to reveal the tissue distributions of different organs in 0.5 h, 3 h, 24 h and 120 h. The results indicated that the AUC of the emulsion group descended to 42.55%, with the CLz and Vz increased by 2.27 times and 3.81 times respectively. Tissue distribution results revealed that the emulsion showed a significantly increase in liver and spleen with a peak concentration up to 5 times; a slightly increase was observed in lung with no statistical differences; a significantly decrease in heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, aorta, thymus, pancreas, fat, muscle, skin, seminal vesicle, reproductive organs and brain with a drop of 40%-80%. These results indicated that paclitaxel microemulsion based on L-OH lipid complexes can remarkably reduced the blood exposure, accelerate plasma clearance rate and increase distribution volume. The fact that paclitaxel microemulsion tended to be uptake by reticuloendothelial system (RES) contributed to the target in liver, spleen and lung, and help to reduce the toxicity in blood, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract.