Objective To investigate the effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (HES) used as priming fluid for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and lactic acid (LAC) concentration in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods Forty infants of either sex with age ≤6 yr undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each): HES group and control group. The left radial artery and the right internal jugular vein were cannulated for blood pressure (BP) and the central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring. Arterial blood gases, blood LAC concentration, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and nasopharyngeal temperature were measured and recorded immediately before and 5 min after aortic cross-clamping, at the end of CPB and operation. Plasma COP was measured before induction of anesthesia (T1), at 5 and 30 min of CPB (T2 and T3, respectively), before routine ultra-filtration (T4), at the end of CPB (T5) and2 h in ICU (T6).Results The plasma LAC concentration was significantly lower and the COP significantly higher in HES group than in control group (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The plasma LAC concentration increased after aortic cross-clamping, reached the peak at the end of CPB and then declined at the end of operation, but was still higher than that before aortic cross-clamping in both groups. Plasma COP was significantly decreased during CPB as compared with the baseline at T1, but increased at T6 in both groups.Conclusion Using HES 130/0.4 as pdming fluid for CPB can effectively improve plasma COP and reduce blood LAC level in infants undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.

Objective To compare the effects of different doses of sufentanil on hemodynamic response to anesthesia induction in patients with hypertension undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Methods 45 ASAⅡor Ⅲ patients aged 46~65years old and weighing 58~79kg scheduled for elective undergoing CABG surgery under general anesthesia requiring tracheal intubation were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=15 each)according to different doses of sufentanil. The patients were premedicated with intravenous scopolamine 0.005mg/kg and midazolam 0.05mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with etomidate 0.3mg/kg and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and then received 1.0?g/kg(group S1) or 1.2?g/kg (group S2) or 1.5?g/kg (group S3) of sufentanil injected intravenously slow-moving at 3 min before orotracheal intubation. ECG,HR,BIS,BP and SpO2 were monitored and recorded before induction of anesthesia(the baseline values T0),and after induction of anesthesia and before intratracheal intubation instantly (T1),1 min(T2),5 min (T3)and 10 min (T4) after intratracheal intubation.Results There were no significant differences between 3 groups with respect to age,sex,body weight and hypertension class. Hemodynamic variables were significantly changes at 3 groups at T1-4 than T0(P

Objective To analyze the application and funding for projects in radiation oncology from National Natural Science Foundation of China ( NNSFC ) from 2006 to 2015. Methods To collect the funding information in radiation oncology from NNSFC from 2006 to 2015, a computerized search was performed in the ISIS system using a subject code of H1610 and a keyword of radiation oncology. Analyses were performed in distribution of research fields, the geographical distribution of applicants, and the properties of institutes/universities the applicants were affiliated with. Results In the last decade, a total of 435 projects in the field of radiation oncology were funded with 180 million yuan. Most projects were funded by general, youth, and regional foundation, which covered the highest proportion of NNSFC. For a single project, the amounts of funding from general, youth, and regional foundations were 530, 220, and 400 thousand yuan, respectively. The institutes/universities the NNSFC?funded projects were affiliated with were located quite close to each other. The top 10 institutes/universities in terms of the number of NNSFC?funded projects covered 53% of projects. In all projects, 88% studied basic science, which covered many hot topics in oncology including biological effects of radiotherapy, microenvironment, and stem cells. A small number ( 12%) of projects focused on physics. Top 3 cancers in terms of the number of projects and the amount of funding were lung cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and esophagus cancer. Conclusions In the last decade, the field of radiation oncology has stable increases in the number of NNSFC?funded projects and the amount of funding. The NNSFC?funded research teams are unevenly distributed, most of which are located in East China. The most popular topic in basic science studies is about biological effects of radiotherapy.

Objective To determine the optimum cuff pressure of the flexible laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for airway management in pediatric patients.Methods One hundred and twenty pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery with general anesthesia,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅰ,aged 3-10 yr,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=40 each) according to the cuff pressure of the flexible LMA:20 cmH2O pressure group (group A),40 cmH2O pressure group (group B) and 60 cmH2O pressure group (group C).The cuff was inflated to the predetermined pressure using the inflatable cuff manometer in each group.Oropharyngeal leak pressure was measured after LMA placement.Peak airway pressure and the difference between inhaled and exhaled tidal volume were recorded at 5 min of positive pressure ventilation.The LMA insertion condition,LMA removal time,and development of sore throat,hoarseness,dysphagia and abdominal distention within 24 h after operation were recorded.Results There were no significant differences in the success rate of LMA placement at first attempt,peak airway pressure,or incidence of sore throat among the three groups (P＞0.05),and no hoarseness or dysphagia was found in the three groups.Compared with group A,oropharyngeal leak pressure was significantly increased,and the difference between inhaled and exhaled tidal volume and incidence of abdominal distention were decreased in B and C groups (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between group B and group C (P＞0.05).Conclusion The optimum cuff pressure of the flexible LMA is 40 cmH2O when used for airway management in the pediatric patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine combined with moderate hypothermia on brain ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Methods Fifty healthy Wistar rats of both sexes aged 4.0-4.5 months, weighing 410-510 g were randomly allocated into 5 groups (n = 10each): group Ⅰ sham operation (group S), group Ⅱ asphyxial cardiac arrest (group ACA), group Ⅲ ketamine (group K), group Ⅳ moderate hypothermia (group MH) and group Ⅴ K + MH. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (IP) phenobarbital 20 mg/100 g, tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated (RR 60 bpm,FiO2 50%), PaCO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. Cardiac arrest was induced by clamping tracheal tube until ECG activity disappeared and MAP ＜ 15 mm Hg. Resuscitated was started 5 min later. MAP ＞ 60 mm Hg and HR ＞ 250 bpm were considered to be signs of successful resuscitation. Dead animals and animals in which resuscitation time was longer than 5 min were excluded from the study. In group K ketamine 100 mg/kg was administered IP at 5 min before asphyxia. In group MH hypothermia was started as soon as asphyxia was started and body temperature was maintained at 30-35 ℃. After successful resuscitation, the animals were sacrificed. Their brains were removed for determination of brain water content and p-caspase-3 expression in hippocampus. Results Brain I/Rsignificantly increased brain water content and p-caspase-3 expression in group ACA. MH alone significantly attenuated 1/R-induced brain edema and decreased p-caspase-3 expression, while ketamine alone only significantly decreased p-caspase-3 expression but did not decrease I/R-induced brain edema. MH + K decreased p-caspase-3expression further but did not reduce brain edema further as compared with MH alone. Conclusion Ketamine combined with moderate hypothermia provides better protection against brain I/R injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of adenosine supplementing cold blood cardioplegia on myocardial injury in patients undergoing milral valve replacement(MVR).Methods Thirty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 18-64 yr with a BMI of 18-24 kg/m2 undergoing elective MVR were randomly divided into 2 groups(n =15each):control group(C)and adenosine group(A).In group A myocardial arrest was produced by infusing adenosine 6 mg diluted in normal saline 20 ml through aortic root after aorta was cross-clamped followed by cold blood cardiaplegic solution 20 mg/kg.In group C asystole was produced with cold blood cardioplegic solution 20 ml/kg alone every 30 min.Blood samples were taken from central vein at 5 min before(T1)and 4 h after aortic crossclamping(T2)and 24 h after operation(T3)for determination of plasma cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTnI)concentration and creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB)activity.The amount of cardioplegic solution infused,cardiac arrest induction time(from infusion of adenosine or cardioplegic solution to asystole shown by ECG),restoration of spontaneous heartbeat,the amount of dopamine administered during the 2 h after CPB and aortic cross-clamping time were recorded.Results Supplementation of cold blood cardioplegia with adenosine significantly reduced cardiac arrest induction time,the total amount of dopamine administered during the 2 h after CPB and plasma cTnl concentration and CK-MB activity in group A compared with group C.Conclusion Cold blood cardioplegia supplemented with adenosine can attenuate myocardial injury in patients undergoing MVR.

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane wash-in during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG).Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 50-64 yr,weighing 53-90 kg undergoing scheduled for CABG under CPB were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20): control group (group C) and sevoflurane group(group S).Anesthesia was maintained with propofol 3-5 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 and sufentanil 0.5-1.0 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 in both groups.Sevoflurane 1％-2％ was washed into extracorporeal circuit during CPB in group S.Blood samples were taken from central vein after the induction of anesthesia (T0,baseline) and at 6,12 and 24 h (T1-3) after operation for determination of plasma cardiac troponin I(cTnI) concentration and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) activity.Myocardial specimens were obtained from right auricle before aortic cross-clamping and at the end of CPB for ultrastructure examination.The severity of mitochondria injury was assessment and scored (0 =normal,4 =impaired inner mitochondrial membrane integrity).Results CPB significantly increased plasma cTnI concentration at T1-3 as compared with the baseline values at T0 before CPB.Plasma cTnI concentration was significantly lower at T2 and T3 in group S than in group C.Mitochondrial injury index was significantly lower at the end of CPB in group S than in group C.There was no significant difference in plasma CK-MB activity between the 2 groups.Conclusion Wash-in of sevoflurane during CPB can attenuate myocardial injury in patients undergoing CABG.

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on oxidative stress responses during focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats,weighing 240-280 g,were randomly assigned into 3 groups:sham operation group (group S),focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R) and sevoflurane postconditioning group (group SP).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.Focal cerebral I/R was produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion.In group SP,3.9％ sevoflurane (1.5 MAC) was inhaled starting from 20 min before reperfusion until 10 min after reperfusion.While 100％ O2 and air were given instead of sevoflurane in groups I/R and S,respectively.Six rats chosen from each group at 24 h of reperfusion were sacrificed and brains were removed for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA),glutathione (GSH),superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) levels and for microscopic examination.The cerebral infarct size was measured by TTC staining.Results Compared with group S,MDA level and cerebral infarct size were significantly increased in groups I/R and SP,and GSH,SOD,CAT,GSH-Px and GR levels were decreased in group I/R,and GSH-Px level was decreased in group SP (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group I/R,cerebral infarct size and MDA level were decreased,and GSH,SOD,CAT,GSH-Px and GR levels were decreased in group SP (P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes were significantly attenuated in group SP compared with group I/R.Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane postconditioning mitigates focal cerebral I/R injury in rats is related to enhanced antioxidase activity and inhibition of oxidative stress responses.

Objective To compare the efficacy of different sedation depths of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) in vitrectomy.Methods Ninety-six patients of both sexes,aged 40-64 yr,with body mass index ≤ 35 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective vitrectomy,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =48 each) using a random number table:mild sedation group (group Ⅰ) and profound sedation group (group Ⅱ).Anesthesia was induced with iv midazolam 0.02 mg/kg and sufentanil 0.15 μg/kg.Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propofol 0.5-2.0 mg · kg-1 · h-1 maintaining bispectral index (BIS) value＞80 in group Ⅰ,or with iv infusion of propofol 2-6 mg · kg-1 · h-1 maintaining BIS value at 65-80 in group Ⅱ.The occurrence of unexpected head movement,SPO2＜90％,snoring,and oculocardiac reflex during the procedure,postoperative nausea and vomiting,and the time when the patients in supine position were turned to prone position were recorded after surgery.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the incidence of unexpected head movement,SpO2 ＜90％,and snoring was significantly increased,and the time when the patients in supine position were turned to prone position was prolonged (P＜0.05),and no significant difference was found in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and oculocardiac reflex during the procedure in group Ⅱ (P＞0.05).Conclusion Mild sedation of MAC (BIS value ≥ 80) provides better efficacy than profound sedation (BIS value 65-80) when used for vitrectomy.

In order to understand the management measures,technique abilities and difficulties in controlling and eradicating avian diseases in parent breeding flocks,the current situation of avian disease eradication in breeding flocks was investigated by China Animal Disease Control Centre in 19 provinces in July 2015.Questionnaires investigation was conducted and the feedbacks were received from 214 parent breeding flocks.This study summarized and analyzed the information of farm management,breeding resources,avian disease surveillance and disease eradication in these flocks,which will provide the basic data to promote the avian diseases control and eradication in China.