Purpose: Pharmacists should play a positive role in palliative care. The pharmacy curriculum should also contain content promoting an appropriate attitude toward death. Hence, this study aims to gather fundamental information that can be used to understand the various death attitudes held by pharmacy students. Methods: We targeted 159 sixth-year students of the School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, in 2011. They studied "Up-to-date-Palliative-Care" (an elective subject). To investigate their overall perception of death, we used the Death Attitude Inventory (DAI), developed by Hirai and others (2000), and investigated their views of death on the basis of seven factors. We also classified students on the basis of type of death they had experienced, that is, the death of a household, relative, friend, or pet. We compared the scores obtained for each factor and conducted a logistic regression analysis. Results and Conclusion: We analyzed the data from 120 students (valid response rate: 75.5%). Students who had experienced the death of friend, had significantly higher scores on "Life Purpose" and "Death Concern" (p<0.05). Students who had experienced the death of household etc., statistical positive correlation with "Death Concern" and statistical negative correlation with "Death Anxiety" were recognized.

A 66-year-old man with an unknown medical history developed chest pain and a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was given by his physician. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in the left anterior descending artery. Echocardiography revealed ventricular septal perforation (VSP) ; therefore, the patient was transferred to our hospital. After admission, his platelet count dropped rapidly during heparin administration, and left ventricular thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis were noted, raising a suspicion of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). To establish cardiopulmonary bypass, argatroban alone was insufficient to prolong the Powered by Editorial Manager^® and ProduXion Manager^® from the Aries Systems Corporation activated clotting time (ACT) ; thus, nafamostat mesilate was also used for coronary artery bypass grafting and surgical repair of VSP. It took many hours to normalize the ACT, requiring re-exploration for excessive bleeding. On the 37th postoperative day, the patient was transferred to another hospital. We performed cardiac surgical procedures using argatroban in a patient who developed HIT during the course of VSP following AMI ; however, we had difficulty in controlling the ACT. Since, to the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies reporting surgical case of VSP complicated by HIT, we present this case with a review of the relevant literature.

The case was a 27-year-old woman with a history of Turner syndrome. The patient underwent ascending-descending aorta bypass for aortic coarctation 6 years previously and underwent subsequent follow-up on an outpatient basis. She consulted our department because of fever, chest pain and headache as the main complaints. Age-indeterminate type A aortic dissection was found on computed tomography, and she was admitted to the hospital on the same day. Echocardiography also revealed an enlarged aortic root and bicuspid aortic valve. Aortic root replacement and total arch replacement were performed, and her postoperative course was favorable. It is reported that in cases of Turner syndrome with aortic coarctation, aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection are likely to occur due to the vulnerability of the aortic wall. We encountered a patient with Turner syndrome who underwent ascending-descending aorta bypass for adult aortic coarctation and subsequently developed type A aortic dissection, underwent aortic root and total arch replacement, and rehabilitated after surgery, as well as provide bibliographic considerations.

Background/Aims: Elobixibat, an ileal bile acid transporter (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter) inhibitor, was recently launched in Japan for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. We conducted an interim analysis of post-marketing surveillance to evaluate the safety and efficacy of elobixibat in elderly patients with chronic constipation and compared the efficacy according to administration time. Methods: Safety and efficacy outcomes were evaluated through patient interviews for 4 weeks. Results: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were observed in 5.24% of the 1049 patients analyzed; diarrhea (2.19%) and abdominal pain (1.81%) were the most common. A serious ADR of death was reported in one patient (0.10%). The incidence of ADRs in the ≥ 65-year old or ≥ 75-year-old subpopulation was similar to that in the total patient population. Mean bowel movements per week significantly increased from 2.9 ± 2.5 at baseline to 5.0 ± 3.1 (P< 0.001) at Week 2 and 5.3 ± 2.6 (P < 0.001) at Week 4. The mean Bristol Stool Form Scale score significantly increased from 2.3 ± 1.4 at baseline to 3.8 ± 1.3 (P < 0.001) at Week 2 and 3.9 ± 1.1 at Week 4 (P < 0.001). Bowel movements significantly increased in the elderly population and subpopulations receiving elobixibat before breakfast, lunch, or dinner. The median time to bowel movement was 5 hours. Conclusion The results suggested that elobixibat was well-tolerated and efficacious in elderly patients with chronic constipation and can be administered before any meals.

The main mechanisms by which acupuncture/moxibustion treatment exerts its effects are "activation of the pain inhibitory system", "influence on tissue perfusion" and "relaxation of hypertonic muscles". Basic research has been conducted on these effects in various fields, and substantial knowledge has been obtained. Furthermore, in clinical studies based on the results of such research, these key expressions are often used to discuss outcomes. As can be seen from this, in most cases, acupuncture/moxibustion treatment is used to cause functional changes rather than organic changes. On the other hand, "regenerative medicine" is a field that requires clear organic changes. The theme of "regenerative medicine and acupuncture/moxibustion" discussed in this symposium is a challenge to enter a new area of medicine that differs from conventional acupuncture/moxibustion treatment. In this presentation, "peripheral nerves", "bones", "tendons" and "muscles" are the focus, and the results of previous research on each are introduced. This paper summarizes the details.

Background/Aims: Immune checkpoint blockade has recently been reported to be effective in treating microsatellite instability (MSI)-high tumors. Therefore, sufficient sampling of histological specimens is necessary in cases of unresectable pancreatic cancer (UR-PC). This multicenter study investigated the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) using a Franseen needle for MSI evaluation in patients with UR-PC. Methods: A total of 89 patients with UR-PC who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) or EUS-FNB using 22-G needles at three hospitals in Japan (2018–2021) were enrolled. Fifty-six of these patients (FNB 23 and FNA 33) were followed up or evaluated for MSI. Patient characteristics, UR-PC data, and procedural outcomes were compared between patients who underwent EUS-FNB and those who underwent EUS-FNA. Results: No significant difference in terms of sufficient tissue acquisition for histology was observed between patients who underwent EUS-FNB and those who underwent EUS-FNA. MSI evaluation was possible significantly more with tissue samples obtained using EUS-FNB than with tissue samples obtained using EUS-FNA (82.6% [19/23] vs. 45.5% [15/33], respectively; p<0.01). In the multivariate analysis, EUS-FNB was the only significant factor influencing the possibility of MSI evaluation. Conclusions EUS-FNB using a Franseen needle is desirable for ensuring sufficient tissue acquisition for MSI evaluation.

The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride-containing products such as medical and consumer goods. Humans can easily be exposed to it because DEHP is ubiquitous in the environment. Recent research on the adverse effects of DEHP has focused on reproductive and developmental toxicity in rodents and/or humans. DEHP is a representative of the peroxisome proliferators. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-dependent pathways are the expected mode of action of several kinds of DEHP-induced toxicities. In this review, we summarize DEHP kinetics and its mechanisms of carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity in relation to PPARα. Additionally, we give an overview of the impacts of science policy on exposure sources.
Animals ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate ; toxicity ; Environmental Pollutants ; toxicity ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Mice ; PPAR alpha ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plasticizers ; toxicity ; Rats

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess changes in attitudes and motivation of selected Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences (TUPLS) student pharmacists who participated in two-week Clinical Pharmacy Educational Programs (CPEPs) at two US schools of pharmacy.Method: Questionnaires were distributed to the fifth-year pharmacy students who had participated in two CPEPs groups at University of Southern California (USC) or University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) between August 2013-2016. Questionnaires contained items assessing attitudes and motivation toward English learning. Items were in the form of statements to which participants' responses were measured using a numerical rating scale (0-10; ranging from 0 = "I do not agree at all" to 10 = "I agree completely").Results: 128 responses were analyzed between both participants at USC and UCSF (The follow-up rate was 100%). After participation in CPEPs, the mean score (confidence interval) of ‘I like English' and ‘I feel comfortable talking with English speakers' significantly increased in both groups relative to the baseline (USC group vs. UCSF group, 0.6 (0.2-1.1) vs. 0.5 (0.1-0.9), 1.0 (0.6-1.5) vs. 1.3 (0.9-1.7), respectively). However, the mean increase in score of ‘English ability comes to be needed for me to make in my future careers' and ‘I hope to have opportunities for studying or working abroad in the future' in UCSF group was significantly greater than the baseline, which showed a mean score increase of 0.5 (0.2-0.9) and 0.7 (0.3-1.2), respectively.Conclusions: The current study suggests that CPEPs even two-weeks programs, may stimulate English learning motivation, especially integrative motivation for pharmacy student participants.

Objective: Histological and dynamic assessment to determine the effect of electroacupuncture on tendon repair in a rat model of Achilles tendon rupture. Methods: Sixty 12-week old male Wistar rats were used to prepare an Achilles tendon rupture model. The rats were randomly divided into an electroacupuncture group (EA group) and a control group. The EA group rats were restrained, and under mild anesthesia two acupuncture needles were inserted with the tip of one touching the ruptured tendon on the outer side, and the tip of the other touching it on the inner side. Using the needle on the inner side as the cathode and the needle on the outer side as the anode, electroacupuncture with intermittent direct current was performed (pulse width: 5 ms, stimulation frequency: 50 Hz, stimulation strength: 20 μA, stimulation time: 20 min). Electroacupuncture was performed every day from the day after model preparation until the days of assessment. Rats in the control group were retrained and mildly anesthetized only. Samples from the region of interest were taken 7 and 10 days after model preparation to assess tendon repair. Tissue imaging was performed, using HE staining to measure total cell count and immunohistochemical staining to measure the number of cells positive for TGF-β1 and b-FGF. Tension tests were also performed 10 days after model preparation to measure the maximum failure load of repaired tendon. Results: HE staining showed a significant difference between the assessment results on different days and between the two groups. A clear increase in the cell count was observed in the EA group (day 7: p<0.05, day 10: p<0.001). Immunostaining showed the strongest expression of both TGF-β1 and b-FGF in the EA group 7 days after model preparation, and other significant difference were observed (TGF-β1: day 7 EA group vs. day 10 EA group: p<0.001, vs. day 7 control group: p<0.0001, vs. day 10 control group: p<0.0001) (b-FGF: day 7 EA group vs. 10 EA group: p<0.001, vs. day 7 control group: p<0.0001, vs. 10 day control group: p<0.0001). Maximum failure load of repaired tendon 10 days after model preparation was significantly higher in the EA group (p<0.01). Discussion: Examination in the early stages after Achilles tendon rupture showed an increased cell count and increased expression of growth factors in the EA group, as well as increased tendon strength. These results indicate the beneficial action direct current electroacupuncture has on cell growth and growth factor expression during tendon repair, and suggest it also increases the dynamic strength of repaired tendon. Direct current electroacupuncture is thought to be possibly useful method for promoting tendon repair.

Background/Aims: Natural history of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO), a rare disease characterized by episodes of non-mechanical obstruction, is unclear in adults. This study evaluates the clinical course of CIPO and palliative care needs of patients. Methods: From October 2010 to September 2021, 74 patients who underwent cine MRI and had a definitive diagnosis of CIPO were prospectively included. We investigated disease etiology and outcomes, age at onset, nutritional status at consultation (body mass index and serum albumin), hydrogen breath test results, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) during the disease course. Results: Forty-seven patients (64%) were women, with a mean age of 44 years at onset and 49 years at diagnosis. Primary CIPO was observed in 48 patients (65%). Secondary CIPO was observed in 26 cases (35%), of whom 18 (69%) had scleroderma. The mean body mass index, serum albumin level, and hydrogen breath test positivity rate were 17 kg/m2 , 3.8 mg/dL, and 60%, respectively. TPN and invasive decompression therapy were required by 23 (31%) and 18 (24%) patients, respectively. Intestinal sterilization was performed in 51 (69%) patients and was effective in 33 (65%); of these, 28 (85%) were taking metronidazole. Seven (9%) patients used opioids. There were 9 deaths (12%), including 5 (56%) from infection and 2 (22%) from suicide. Of the deaths, 6 (67%) and 4 (44%) underwent TPN management and decompression therapy, respectively. Fifty-one patients (69%) wanted palliative care. Conclusion CIPO is a rare, severe, and under-recognized disease. Standardization of treatment strategies, including palliative care and psychiatric interventions, is desired.