Objective To determine the biological reference interval of urinary conductivity in healthy people and to study the relationship between urine conductivity and other parameters as well as its clinical feasibility.Methods Conductivities of midstream urine specimen from healthy people (n=10119,5074 males and 5045 females,aged under 96 years) or patients with different diseases (n=3449) were determined.Among them the following parameters:conductivity,osmolality,specific gravity,creatinine,urea,uric acid,sodium,potassium and chloride of 250 random urine specimens were simultaneously determined.Results The urinary conductivities in healthy people exhibited normal distribution and significant differences were found in the subjects with different age and sex.The reference range of urinary conductivity was between 10.42?4.61 mS/ch and 24.10?6.81 mS/ch in healthy people and between 7.95 mS/ch?2.40 and 18.01?5.90 mS/ch in the patients with different diseases.Conductivity determined was positively correlated with osmolality (r:0.894),specific gravity (r:0.727),sodium (r:0.698),potassium (r:0.563),chloride (r:758),uric acid (r:0.521),urea (r:0.556) and creatinine (r:0.495).Conclusions Urine conductivity,which determination is simple and rapid,may reflect the conductive capacity of electrolytes in urine and positively correlated with osmolality,so it can be used as a new parameter for urinalysis to diagnose renal concentrative function in routine laboratory.

0.98); immature cells would display in the WBC histogram when in higher proportion. Conclusions The analyzer can be used to test blood cell parameters accurately and reliably. Its main performance indices accorded with the experimental requirements; The results were credible. It is necessary to checked with microscopy for DC before reported.

Objective To establish a cell level-based negative enrichmen technique to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.Methods The colon cancer SKOV-3 cells were mixed with 2 ml whole blood from healthy donors at different ratio.Quantification of CTCs was performed using immunomagnetic bead based negative enrichment combined with immunofluorescence antibody method.The method was evaluated the recovery rate of target cells,Samples of 32 patients with ovarian cancer and 10 controls were assayed for CTCs detection by above method.Results ①The recovery rate was ranging from 64％ ～80％ by spiking varying numbers of SKOV-3 into 2 ml blood samples of healthy volunteers.Regression analysis of number of recovered SKOV-3 cells yielded a regression equation of Y=0.782X-1.408 and a coefficient of determination of R2 =0.998.②Did not detect CK8/18-+ circulating tumor cells in 10 controls,and CK8/18+ circulating tumor cells in 18 cases of 32 Patients with ovarian cancer.The positive rate of CK 8/18 + circulating tumor cells was significantly differences between the two groups (x2 =7.681,P＜0.01).③The presence ofCTCs was significantly correlated with distant metastasis (x2 =5.776,P＜0.05).Conclusion The method of immunomagnetic bead based negative enrichment combined with immunofluorescence antibody technique for CTCs detection in peripheral blood of patients with ovarian cancer has a clinical value of application and extension.

Objective To study the effect of SYUIQ-5,a novel antitumor agent,on gene expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 in rats.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered daily intraperitoneal dose of SYUIQ-5(0.1mg/kg,5mg/kg and 10mg/kg body weight) for 5 consecutive days.The levels of CYP 3A1,2B1/2,1A1,1A2 and 2E1 mRNA in rat liver were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results The level of gene expression of CYP 1A1 was increased significantly compared with the control.The levels of CYP 3A1,2B1/2,1A2 and 2E1 mRNA were not changed by SYUIQ-5 treatment compared with the control.Conclusion A significant increase in the CYP 1A1 rather than CYP3A1,2B1/2,1A2 and 2E1 gene expression by SYUIQ-5 treatment is observed.

Objective To establish the proper review rules for the microscopic screening of urine analyzed by UF-1000i automatic urinalysis work station (composed of UF-1000i urine flow cytometer and AX-4030 urine dry chemical analyzer).Methods A total of 2 839 random urine samples were collected at Chinese People′s Liberation Army General Hospital from September 2009 to February 2010, and were analyzed using UF-1000i urinalysis work station.The parameters obtained from UF-1000i and AX-4030 included RBC, WBC, CAST and ERY, LEU, PRO.After analysis by urinalysis work station, each urine sample was examined microscopically by two technologists using double-blind method.The average results got from the two technologists were regarded as the judging criterion.Based on the criterion, the review rules for the 2 839 urine samples tested by urinalysis work station were created and adjusted, and the true positive rate, false positive rate, true negative rate, false negative rate and review rate of these review rules were calculated.After that, 299 randomly selected urine samples were tested to validate these review rules.Omission diagnostic rate and review rate were used to assess the clinical practicability of the review rules.Results Thirty seven rules for microscopic review and twenty seven rules without further microscopic examination were set up based on six parameters using UriAccess 3.0 Software.The microscopic examination result was taken as the judging criterion, the consistency rate of these rules was 81.11%(2 311/2 839), the true positive rate was 40.51%(1 150/2 839), the false positive rate was 16.17%(459/2 839), the true negative rate was 41.00%(1 164/2 839), the false negative rate(omission diagnostic rate) was 2.43%(69/2 839) and the review rate was 18.28% (519/2 839).Additional 299 urine samples were assayed using UriAccess3.0 software to further verify these review rules.The consistency rate was 82.27%(246/299), the true positive rate was 36.12%(108/299), the false positive rate was 16.39%(49/299), the true negative rate was 46.15%(138/299), the false negative rate(omission diagnostic rate) was 1.34%(4/299), the review rate was 19.06%(57/299). The 4 false negative samples selected by these review rules did not come from the nephropathy department or the urology department.Microscopic results of RBC and WBC form these 4 samples ranged 3-8 cells/HP. Thus, these review rules could avoid the missed diagnosis of those patients with severe renal dysfunction.Conclusion The review rules established from this study for the UF-1000i urinalysis work station can effectively detect abnormal urine samples and improve the efficiency and the quality of urinalysis in routine clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo establish the proper review rules for the microscopic screening of urine samples tested by automatic urinalysis work station which is composed of LabUMat urine dry chemical analyzer and Urised urine sedimental analyzer.Methods The paired comparison was used to analyze the results tested by microscopy and Urised.A total of 2015 random urine samples were enrolled to establish and validate review rules.All the samples were collected from the inpatients and ontpatients of General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army from May to November 2011 and tested by urinalysis work station.2015 urine samples were firstly tested by urinalysis work station,including both urine dry chemical analyzer and urine sediments analyzer.Then each urine sample was examined microscopically by two technicians-in-charge using double-blind method.The average results from the two technicians were used as review results.Compared with review results,we set up the review rules and evaluated the Irue positive rate,false positive rate,true negative rate,false negative rate (omission diagnostic rate) and review rate.According to different test methods by automatic urinalysis work station,four microscopic review protocols were defined:( 1 ) Protocol 1:based on chemistry results only,microscopy review was performed when any of WBC,RBC,PRO and NIT was positive; (2) Protocol 2:based on urine sedimental analysis only,microscopy review was performed when any of WBC,RBC and CAST count was over upper limit of the reference range ; (3) Protocol 3:if any of BLD vs.RBC,LEU vs.WBC was different between two systems,or quantitative results had two or more than two gradient differences,microscopy review was performed; (4) Protocol 4:if any of BLD vs.RBC,LEU vs.WBC was different between two systems,or CAST was over upper limit of the reference range,or alam appeared,microscopic review was performed.300 randomly selected urine samples were tested to validate the review rules.Omission diagnostic rate and review rate were used to evaluate the rules.Results According to our review rules,the positive samples rate was 41.14％ (829/2015) and the negative rate was 58.86％ ( 1186/2015 ) ; Positive samples were composed of RBC (50.30％),WBC (53.32％) and CAST (3.74％).The review rates of four protocols were 42.93％ (865/2015),39.70％ (810/2015),29.58％(596/2015),18.91％ (381/2015 ),respectively.The false negative rates (omission diagnostic rates) were 6.36％ (128/2015),4.42％ (89/2015),1.34％ (27/2015)and 1.04％ (21/2015)respectively.Protocol 4 was selected as an ideal plan.Additional 300 urine samples were tested using protocol 4 in order to confirm the review rule.The review rate,consistency rate,true positive rate,false positive rate,true negative rate,omission diagnostic rate were 19.67％ (59/300),91.67％ (275/300),35.67％ (107/300),7.67％(23/300),56.00％ (168/300),0.67％ (2/300),respectively.After image review revised,the review rate was 8.67％ (26/300).ConclusionThe review rules established by our research for Urinalysis Work Station can find the abnormal urine samples effectively and exactly and can reduce the workload significantly.(Chin J Lab Med,2012,35:810-814)

Aim To establish a simple, rapid and accurate electroanalytical method for water soluble porphyrin meso-tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4);to clarify the reaction between water soluble porphyrins and bovine serum albumin (BSA);and to determine the interaction of TPPS4 with BSA in the absence of presence of cyclodextrins (CDs) , separately. Methods Three methods including LSV,UV spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy bad been employed to the relevant experiments. The way of employing three methods at the same time could make the experiment results more reliable. Results In the supporting electrolyte of NaH2 PO4-Na2 HPO4 ( pH 7. 18 ), a sensitive reduction peak of TPPS4 was found by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the peak potential (Ep) was-0. 70 V (vs SCE). The relationship between the second derivative peak of LSV (ip") and the concentration of TPPS4 was linear from 1.0 × 10-7mol·L-1 to 1.0 × 10-5mol· L-1,the square of correlation coefficients (r2) were 0. 998 3 and 0. 999 3, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0. 56% ( n = 5 ). The mean recovery of TPPS4 was 99.59％. In NH4C1-NH3· H2O buffers (pH 9.05), it was proved that BSA and TPPS4 could interact with each other and form 1:1 TPPS4-BSA supramolecular system. Moreover, the interaction between TPPS4 and BSA had been investigated by adding cyclodextrins (CDs). The interaction of TPPS4 with BSA was facilitated both by hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-3-CD) and sulforbutylether-β-CD (SBE-3-CD). Conclusion An electroanalytical method for TPPS4 has been established by LSV. The porphyrin drugs included by CDs could react with protein existing inside the human body easier. The consequences of this article also show that CDs will play important role in controlling and releasing the porphyrin drugs.

Objective To estimate the diagnostic vaule of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detection for epithelial ovarian cancer,and investigate the relationship between the presence of CTCs and the clinic pathologic characteristics of epithelial ovarian cancer patients.Methods Quantification of CTCs were performed using immunomagnetic bead based negative enrichment combined with flow cytometry in 65 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer,21 patients with benign ovarian diseases,and 10 healthy subjects.The differences among groups were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis H test (multi group comparison) and the Mann-Whitney U test (two group comparison),and the chi-square test was used in the positive rate comparison,the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established.The relationship between CTCs and clinic pathologic characteristics of epithelial ovarian cancer patients were analyzed.Results The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the cut off value was 4.5 (＞ 4),the AUC was 0.806,and sensitivity,specificity and positive value (PPV) were 55.4 ％,96.8 ％ and 97.3 ％ respectively,in detecting patients with ovarian carcinoma malignancy.Quantification of CTCs in epithelial ovarian cancer was correlated with FIGO stages or distance metastasis (all P＜0.05),but not with patient age,histological types,pathologic differentiation,amount of ascites,tumor size and lymph node metastasis (all P＞0.05).Conclusion The detection of peripheral CTCs has a certain diagnosis value in epithelial ovarian cancer,especially with related to FIGO stages and distant metastasis.

ObjectiveTo explore the Apolipoprotein-E （ApoE） gene polymorphism in patients with Alzheimer's disease （AD）, vascular dementia (VD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MethodsPeripheral blood was taken from patient with AD, VD or MCI to determine the ApoE genotypes. ResultsThe most of the patients were ε3/ε3 genotype, while the ε2/ε2 and ε4/ε4 could not be detected. ε3/ε4 genotype （P=0.001） and ApoE ε4 allele （P=0.013） was more frequent in AD than in MCI. ApoE ε4 was more frequent in VD than in MCI （P=0.044）. ConclusionApoE ε4 allele is a risk factor in AD, and may be associated with VD and MCI.

Objective: To explore the levels of IL-22 in thymus damaged by γ-ray total body irradiation (TBI), and to study the role of IL-22 in T cell reconstitution after thymic injury induced by TBI. Methods: To induce thymic injury, mice were treated by sub-lethal TBI. Levels of intra-thymic and circulatory IL-22 were detected by using ELISA assay. Untreated mice were used as control. After receiving sub-lethal TBI, mice were intraperitoneally injected with PBS or recombinant mouse IL-22, which were marked as TBI+PBS or TBI+IL-22, respectively. Mice were monitored for counts of total thymic cells and circulatory white blood cells. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze percentages of thymic epithelial cells (TEC), thymocyte subsets and circulatory T cells. Real-time PCR assay was applied to analyze the mRNA expression levels of Foxn1, Ccl25, Aire and Dll4 in thymus. Results: ①Sub-lethal TBI treated mice expressed higher levels of intra-thymic and circulatory IL-22, compared with untreated ones (all P<0.05). ②After injection of recombinant IL-22, TBI+IL-22 mice had higher levels of intra-thymic IL-22 than TBI+PBS mice (all P<0.05). ③On day 14 after irradiation, real-time PCR assay showed that TBI+IL-22 mice had higher mRNA levels of Foxn1, Ccl25, Aire and Dll4 in thymus compared with TBI+PBS ones. Meanwhile, the TBI+IL-22 mice had higher counts of total thymic cells[(5.93±3.19)×10⁶/ml vs (1.42±0.46)×10⁶/ml, t=3.128, P=0.033] and circulatory white blood cells[(3.08±0.94)×10⁶/ml vs (1.43±0.30)×10⁶/ml, t=3.730, P=0.015] than those of TBI+PBS mice. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that TBI+IL-22 mice had higher counts of TEC and thymocytes than TBI+PBS mice on day 14 after irradiation (all P<0.05). On days 7 and 14 after irradiation, TBI+IL-22 mice had higher counts of circulatory white blood cells and T cells than TBI+PBS mice (all P<0.05). Conclusion Sub-lethal TBI induces upregulation of intra-thymic IL-22, and injecting of recombinant IL-22 increases level of IL-22 in thymus. Injecting of recombinant IL-22 improves recovery of TEC and increases numbers of thymocyte subsets and circulatory T cell after thymic injury.