Oxidative stress due to aberrant metabolism is considered as a crucial contributor to diabetes and its complications. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia boost excessive reactive oxygen species generation by elevated mitochondrial respiration, increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, and enhanced pro-oxidative processes, including protein kinase C pathways, hexosamine, polyol, and advanced glycation endproducts, which exacerbate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the onset of diabetes and its associated complications by impairing insulin production, increasing insulin resistance, maintaining hyperglycemic memory, and inducing systemic inflammation. A more profound comprehension of the molecular processes that link oxidative stress to diabetes is crucial to new preventive and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review discusses the mechanisms underlying how oxidative stress contributes to diabetes mellitus and its complications. We also summarize the current approaches for prevention and treatment by targeting the oxidative stress pathways in diabetes.
Oxidative Stress/physiology* ; Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology* ; Diabetes Complications/metabolism* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism* ; Animals

Peptide-based drugs possess several advantages, including high specificity, low immunogenicity, minimal accumulation, and fewer drug-drug interactions, making them a novel and efficient therapeutic class for various diseases. In recent years, peptide-based drugs have shown great potential and broad application prospects in the treatment of oral infectious diseases, tissue injury and repair, tumors, and complex oral mucosal disorders, acting either through direct mechanisms or indirect modulation. Oral administration remains the preferred route due to its non-invasive, painless nature and ease of management; however, gastrointestinal pH can inactivate or even degrade peptide drugs. In the treatment of oral diseases, local administration is commonly employed, avoiding gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass metabolism. Nevertheless, limitations in current theoretical research and the high cost of peptide synthesis hinder their clinical application. Future efforts should focus on advancing related studies to promote the practical application of peptide-based drugs in the field of oral medicine.
Humans ; Peptides/administration & dosage* ; Mouth Diseases/drug therapy* ; Administration, Oral

ObjectiveTo study the effects of Huangjing Jiannao granules on learning and memory abilities and cerebral blood flow in the rat model of vascular cognitive impairment （VCI） and to explore the mechanism of Huangjing Jiannao granules in the treatment of VCI. MethodSeventy-two SPF-grade male SD rats were randomly selected， with 12 rats as the sham operation group. The remaining rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery ligation （2-VO） for the modeling of VCI. According to the randomized block design， the successfully modeled rats were grouped as follows： model， donepezil hydrochloride （0.50 mg·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （2.36， 4.72， 9.44 g·kg^-1， respectively） Huangjing Jiannao granules. After 6 weeks of treatment， Morris water maze test and new object recognition test were conducted to evaluate the learning and memory abilities of the rats. After continuous gavage for 8 weeks， the cerebral blood flow was recorded by a laser microcirculation blood flow imager， and the survival and injury of hippocampal neurons were observed by Nissl staining. The expression of neuronal nuclear antigen （NeuN） in the hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， phosphorylated protein kinase B （p-Akt）， nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65）， and nuclear factor-κB inhibitor α （IκBα） in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot. ResultCompared with the sham operation group， the model group showed weakened learning and memory abilities （P<0.01）， reduced blood flow in the whole brain， forebrain， and hindbrain （P<0.01）， damaged neurons and reduced survived neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region （P<0.01）， down-regulated expression of NeuN （P<0.01）， elevated levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and NF-κB p65 in the hippocampal tissue， and down-regulated protein level of IκBα （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， medium- and high-dose Huangjing Jiannao granules improved the learning and memory abilities （P<0.05，P<0.01）. High-dose Huangjing Jiannao granules increased the blood flow in the whole brain， forebrain， and hindbrain （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and medium-dose Huangjing Jiannao granules increased the blood flow in the whole brain （P<0.05）. All the doses of Huangjing Jiannao granules increased the number of survived neurons （P<0.05，P<0.01） and up-regulated the protein level of NeuN （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Medium and high-dose Huangjing Jiannao granules lowered the level of TNF-α （P<0.05，P<0.01）， down-regulated the protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and NF-κB p65 （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and up-regulated the protein level of IκBα （P<0.01）. ConclusionHuangjing Jiannao granules can improve the learning and memory abilities and promote the recovery of cerebral blood flow in the rat model of VCI induced by 2-VO by regulating the expression of proteins involved in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， inhibiting inflammation， and reducing hippocampal neuron injury.

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is the most commonly used herb in ZHANG Zhongjing′s Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases and Synopsis of Golden Chamber. It serves as a crucial entry point for understanding ZHANG Zhongjing′s prescription system. The role of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in ZHANG Zhongjing′s prescription system differs from its current recognized efficacy. By analyzing the typhoid prescriptions and referring to ancient materia medica texts from various dynasties, this study categorizes the formulas containing Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and identifies four fundamental efficacies associated with it: fluid retention, preservation of gastric qi, support of yang qi, and protection of the triple energizer. These basic efficacy principles align with the core treatment principles implied in ZHANG Zhongjing′s prescription system, suggesting that Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is one of the key herbs in constructing ZHANG Zhongjing′s prescription system. To elucidate the logical expansion of prescriptions, formulas containing Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are deconstructed and classified into first-order, second-order, tertiary-order, quaternary-order, and other formulas based on the affinity of the paired herbs. Similarly, the corresponding herbs are classified accordingly. Using Cinnamomi Ramulus, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and Ephedrae Herba as examples, the study analyzes the principles behind formulas containing Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. ZHANG Zhongjing′s prescription system strategically added or subtracted other herbs to fully utilize or extend the four fundamental effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, resulting in the majority of existing formulas through continuous expansion. This provides new insights and approaches for further in-depth study of ZHANG Zhongjing′s prescription system.

OBJECTIVE To explore the distribution of airborne pollen in Cangzhou,to analyze the correlation between pollen characteristics,meteorological factors and the rate of allergic rhinitis visits,and to provide a reference basis for the precise prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis in Cangzhou.METHODS The gravity deposition method was applied to collect daily airborne pollen from the monitoring sites in Cangzhou from March to October 2022 and record the pollen species and quantities.We also collected information on allergic rhinitis patients who visited the ENT Department of Cangzhou Central Hospital during the same period and meteorological data(daily maximum temperature,minimum temperature,maximum relative humidity,maximum precipitation,and maximum wind speed at ground level)during the same period,and analyzed the relationship between the number of AR patients'visits,the amount of pollen,and the meteorological factors.RESULTS 1.A total of 229 pollen exposures were collected from March to October 2022,totaling 19 368 pollen grains,of which 18 750 grains of pollen could be identified in 19 families and 618 grains were difficult to identify the families.2.There were two peaks of pollen during the period,in April and September respectively.Spring pollen to tree-based category,to the pine family,willow willow family,Xylariaceae(ash)most often;summer pollen volume has declined,but still tree-based category;fall pollen to herbaceous category,to the Asteraceae Artemisia,mulberry,Gramineae most often.3.The pollen concentration in Cangzhou City was negatively correlated with maximum humidity,maximum precipitation,maximum temperature,and minimum temperature.Maximum wind speed at ground level was positively correlated with pollen concentration.4.Pollen concentration was positively correlated with the number of visits.The correlation analysis between daily medical visits from June to October and air pollen concentration showed a significant positive correlation,while the results from March to May showed no significant correlation.CONCLUSION The peak of airborne pollen dispersal in April and September in Cangzhou.Spring and summer pollen is dominated by tree species,and the dominant pollen is Pinaceae,Willow genus of Populus,and Xylariaceae(ash genus);fall pollen is dominated by herbaceous species,and the dominant pollen is Artemisia,Asteraceae,Mulberry,and Gramineae.Meteorological factors are important factors affecting pollen concentration.Within a certain range,the lower the maximum humidity,the lowest maximum precipitation,the lower the highest or the lowest temperature,the higher the pollen concentration,and the pollen concentration is more affected by the lowest temperature.There is a correlation between pollen concentration and the number of AR patients'visits from June to October,which can be used as an environmental early warning indicator of the prevalence of AR.

Objective To analyze the seroepidemiology characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in children in Shenyang.Methods From June 2022 to May 2023,serum was collected from 12 083 children at Shengjing hospital of China Medical University.Serum capsid antigen(VCA)-IgM,VCA-IgG,EBV nuclear antigen-IgG(EBNA-IgG),and early antigen-IgG(EA-IgG)antibodies were detected using the LIAISION chemiluminescence immunoassay.EBV-DNA was detected using real-time PCR.Differences in antibody positivity rates between sexes,ages,and seasons of onset were compared.Results In 12 083 patients,the positive rates of VCA-IgM,VCA-IgG,EBNA-IgG,and EA-IgG were 9.95％(1 202/12 083),50.57％(6 110/12 083),46.03％(5 562/12 083)and 4.93％(596/12 083).The positive rates of VCA-IgM and EA-IgG were lower in male patients(9.09％and 4.44％,respectively)than in female patients(11.10％,5.60％;all P＜0.05).The differences in the positive rates for VCA-IgM,VCA-IgG,EBNA-IgG,and EA-IgG antibodies in children of different ages were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Differences in the positive rates of VCA-IgG,EBNA-IgG,and EA-IgG antibodies were statistically significant when compared between seasons(all P＜0.05).Fourteen EBV antibody-positive combinations were detected,of which the main combination was VCA-IgG and EBNA-IgG double-positive,with a total of 4 741 cases(39.24％).Of the 3 712 children who underwent EBV-DNA detection testing,3 034(81.73％)were EBV-DNA-negative and 678(18.27％)were EBV-DNA-posi-tive.VCA-IgG and EBNA-IgG double positivity was the most common in EBV-DNA-negative and EBV-DNA-positive children,accounting for 983(26.48％)and 194 cases(5.23％),respectively.Conclusion Both VCA-IgG and EBNA-IgG antibodies are main positive in children with EBV infection in Shenyang.The positive rate of EBV antibodies is lower in boys than in girls.The positive rates of EBV anti-bodies differ in children of different ages and seasons of onset.

Objective:To evaluate the performance of key performance indicator (KPI) lean teaching management system in clinical medical laboratory.Methods:Combining lean teaching management in universities with KPI system of enterprises, an innovative KPI lean teaching management system was developed and applied in Clinical Medical Laboratory of Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital (GDPH). A total of 106 teachers, who had worked from January 2021 to December 2022 in GDPH, joined this study. Teachers were divided into 8 professional groups. Firstly, we quantified the teaching workload by class hours, evaluated the teaching outcomes base on national, provincial, school, and college levels to assign different teaching points, and linked the teaching KPI scores to the evaluation, salary, and professional title of teachers. Then, we analyzed the overall teaching points and teaching points for each professional group (2021-2022). Finally, we asked teaching managers, teachers, and colleagues to evaluate the KPI lean teaching management system and compared the effects before and after the implementation of this system.Results:Compared with 2021, the teaching scores of 106 teachers increased significantly from 1.0 (0.2, 2.7) to 3.8 (2.3, 6.0) in 2022 ( Z=8.1, P<0.01). The teaching scores of clinical molecules, clinical coagulation, clinical immunology, clinical microbiology, Huifu laboratory, and clinical biochemistry group were significantly higher in 2022 than the scores they got in 2021 (all P<0.05). Compared with 2021, there were 3 new set up of educational reform projects, 2 submitted teaching articles, 3 new competition awards, 7 outstanding teachers, and 5 outstanding students in 2022. After application of KPI lean teaching management, the evaluation scores of teaching work by teaching managers, teachers, and colleagues are all significantly improved ( P<0.05). Conclusion:KPI lean teaching management system could effectively enhance teachers′ work initiative, improve teaching efficiency and outcome, and promote the teaching quality. Therefore, based on the performance of KPI lean teaching management system in our study, it is possible to realize its potential in terms of lean management in clinical medical laboratory.

Humans ; Asthma/drug therapy* ; Biological Therapy

Objective To explore the effects of Kaixin Jieyu Pill(KJP)on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPARα),serum and hippocampal tissue fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)and hippocampal tissue fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1)in rats with depression model.Methods A rat chronic stress model was prepared using the chronic unpredictable mild stimulus method(CUMS)to observe behavioral changes in depression.Hippocampal FGF21,FGFR1 and liver PPARα protein and mRNA expression levels were measured in hippocampal tissues by western blot and real-time fluorescence quantification(RT-qPCT).Results The expression levels of PPARα,FGF21 and FGFR1's protein and their mRNA were dramatically decreased in the CUMS model rats compared with the normal group(P<0.001).KJP could modify the depressive-like behaviors of rats(P<0.001),upregulate the protein expression level of PPARα,FGF21,and FGFR1(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01);markedly modify the mRNA expression levels of PPARα,FGF21,and FGFR1(P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.01).Conclusion PPARα/FGF21/FGFR1 pathway may participate in the pathogenesis of depression;upregulation of PPARα/FGF21/FGFR1 pathway may be related to the antidepressant mechanism of KJP.

Objective To systematically evaluate the adult intraoperatively acquired pressure injury risk prediction model.Methods Related study on IAPI risk prediction model in Chinese and English databases such as CBM,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science were searched.The language is limited to Chinese and English,and the search time is until November 4,2022.Two researchers independently screened the literature and extracted the data,and applied the bias risk assessment tool of prediction model research to analyze the bias risk and applicability of the included literature.Results 13 articles were included,including 17 models(operation time,age,diabetes,BMI and serum albumin are the most commonly used predictors).Among the 17 models,the area under the curve of 14 models was 0.616 to 0.984,and the other study did not report the AUC results.Among the 13 studies,10 had good applicability,while the remaining 3 had unclear applicability.13 studies have a high risk of bias,mainly because the included studies are retrospective studies,the predictive factors are screened based on univariate analysis,and the predictive outcomes are not defined by guidelines or standardization.Conclusions The existing IAPI risk prediction model for adults has good applicability,but the risk of bias is high,and the construction is not perfect.It is necessary to pay attention to the effectiveness of different risk assessment methods in the later construction,so as to get a better and more accurate risk prediction model and provide some reference and basis for formulating relevant prevention strategies.